Table 2.

Estimates of Fixed-Effects Model: Within-Facility Differences in Hospice Use and In-hospital Deaths

	Hospice (n=109,219)		In-hospital Deaths (n=173,836)
	OR	[95% CI]	OR	[95% CI]
Dementia	1.07 a	1.04–1.11	0.76 a	0.74–0.78
Female	1.14 a	1.10–1.19	0.93 a	0.90–0.96
Age	0.84	0.59–1.21	0.74	0.54–1.04
Age squared	1.00	1.00–1.01	1.00	1.00–1.01
Age cubed	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.00	1.00–1.00
Race=white	1.27 a	1.20–1.34
Education (referent= no schooling)
Less than college	1.08	0.91–1.28
College and higher	1.10	0.92–1.30
Unknown	0.96	0.80–1.14
Married	1.05 c	1.01–1.09
Length of stay in a nursing home (referent= < 1 year)
> 1 year	0.86 a	0.83–0.89
ADLs self performance	1.03 a	1.02–1.03
Congestive heart failure	0.95 b	0.92–0.99
Diabetes			1.19 a	1.16–1.22
Number of cardiovascular diseases			1.09 a	1.08–1.10
Asthma or COPD, or both			1.11 a	1.08–1.14
Emphysema/COPD	0.97	0.93–1.00
Cancer	1.78 a	1.70–1.87
Tuberculosis			1.34	0.64–2.81
HIV infection	1.45	0.73–2.87
Pressure ulcer or stasis ulcer: stage 2 or higher			0.73 a	0.70–0.75
Pressure ulcer: at least stage 3	1.15 a	1.09–1.22
Hip fracture in last 180 days	0.93	0.86–1.02	0.95	0.88–1.03
Other fracture in last 180 days			1.09 c	1.01–1.17
End-stage diagnosis	8.12 a	7.66–8.61
Swallowing problem	0.97	0.94–1.01
Weight loss	1.38 a	1.33–1.42
Weight gain	0.96	0.90–1.01
Feeding tube			1.13 a	1.08–1.18
Dialysis	0.61 a	0.54–0.69	1.64 a	1.52–1.79
Chemotherapy	0.84	0.69–1.01
Oxygen therapy	1.12 a	1.08–1.17
Radiation	1.06	0.74–1.53	0.62 b	0.46–0.85
Suctioning	0.86	0.73–1.01
Tracheotomy care	0.59 a	0.46–0.77	0.57 a	0.48–0.68
Ventilator/respirator	0.46 a	0.34–0.62	1.08	0.88–1.32
Alzheimer’s/dementia special care	1.11 b	1.04–1.18	0.89 b	0.84–0.95
Do not resuscitate			0.49 a	0.48–0.51
Do not hospitalize	0.28 a			0.26–0.31

^aP<0.001.

^bP<0.01.

^cP<0.05.

ADLs: activities of daily living. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Some observations were dropped from the analyses due to missing values, or a lack of within facility variation in outcome variables.