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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Eye Res. 2014 Jun 12;125:95–106. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.005

Figure 2. Insulin and metabolic measurements at sacrifice.

Figure 2

A) Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were elevated in uncontrolled diabetic animals (D) as compared to all other groups, with the diabetic/late intervention (D/LI) group demonstrating higher levels as compared to the ND and diabetic/early intervention (D/EI) groups. B) To assess endogenous and exogenous insulin levels, rat c-peptide and human insulin levels were determined at sacrifice. D groups demonstrated very low levels of c-peptide as compared to ND animals. Equivalent levels of human insulin were evident in both the D/EI and D/LI groups and no human insulin was detected in the non-insulin treated groups. C) Branched-chain amino acid (BAA) and ketone levels were elevated at sacrifice as compared to ND and insulin treated diabetic groups (D/EI and D/LI). ANOVA, SNK post hoc ***p<0.001. Cohort 2 (n=10/group), § - Not detected.