. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Feb 10;58(8):1685–1707. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201300684

Table 1.

Chemo preventive effects of ITCs

Compounds	Efficacy	Organ	Mechanism		Dose/Duration	Cell line	References
BITC	Anti-angiogenesis	Pancreas	↓VEGF, MMP-2, HIF-a	In vitro	5, 10,20 μM/24 h	BxPC-3,PanC-1	[77]
			↑RhoB	In vitro	5, 10,20 μM/24 h
			↓STAT-3 phosphorylation (Tyr-705), HIF-a, VEGFR-2, VEGF, MMP-2, CD31, RhoC.	In vivo	12 μmol/40 days

BITC	Anti-angiogenesis	Breast	↓CD31, VEGF, VEGFR	In vitro	2.5, 5, 7.5μuM/24 & 48h	MDA-MB-231	[78]
BITC	Anti-angiogenesis	Breast	↓CD31, VEGF, VEGFR	In vivo	6 & 9 μmol/14days	MDA-MB-231	[78]

BITC	Apoptosis	Pancreas	↓PI3K, AKT, PDK1, mTOR, FOXO1, FOXO3a	In vitro	5, 10, 20 μM/24h	BxPC-3,PanC-1	[55]
BITC	Apoptosis	Pancreas	↑Bim, p27, and p21	In vivo	12 μmol/45 days	BxPC-3,PanC-1	[55]

BITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↓mTOR, FOXO1	In vitro	2.5, 5μM/6 & 9h	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, BT-474, BRI-JM04	[68]

BITC	Apoptosis	Pancreas	↓NF-kappaB, cyclin D1, ↑HDAC1, and HDAC3	In vitro	10 μM/24h	BxPC-3, Capan-2	[56]

BITC	Apoptosis	Pancreas	↑ERK, JNK, P38, ROS	In vitro	10 μM/24h	Capan-2, MiaPaCa-2	[57]

BITC	Apoptosis	pancreas	↑ATR (Ser-428), Chk2 (Thr-68), Cdc25C (Ser-216), Cdk-1 (Tyr-15)and induction of p21 Waf1/Cip1	In vitro	2.5, 5, 10 μM/24, 48 h	BxPC-3, PanC-1	[58]
BITC	Apoptosis	pancreas	↓NF-kappa B	In vitro	2.5, 5, 10 μM/24, 48 h	BxPC-3, PanC-1	[58]

BITC	Apoptosis	pancreas	↓STAT-3, Mcl-1, Bcl-2	In vitro	5–40 μM/24 h	BxPC-3, AsPC-1, Capan-2, MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1	[59]
BITC	Apoptosis	pancreas	↓STAT-3, Mcl-1, Bcl-2	In vivo	60 μmol/wk/6 weeks	BxPC-3, AsPC-1, Capan-2, MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1	[59]

BITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Brain	↑ROS	In vitro	10, 20μM/24h	U87MG	[82]

BITC	Apoptosis	pancreas	↑H2A.x, p21, Chk2	In vivo	10 μmol/L/24 h	Capan-2	[60]
BITC	Apoptosis	pancreas	↓CyclinB1, Cdc2, Cdc25C	In vivo	10 μmol/L/24 h	Capan-2	[60]

BITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	pancreas	↓Cdk1, cyclin B1, Cdc25B, NF-kappaB	In vitro	5, 10 μM/24 h	BxPC-3	[61]
BITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	pancreas	↑IkappaBa	In vitro	5, 10 μM/24 h	BxPC-3	[61]

BITC	Apoptosis	Ovary	↓Bcl-2, ERK1/2 and Akt	In vitro	10 μM/48 h	SKOV-3, KLE, SW954, SW756, HL60	[62]
BITC	Apoptosis	Ovary	↑caspase-3, −9, Bax, JNK1/2 and p38	In vitro	10 μM/48 h	SKOV-3, KLE, SW954, SW756, HL60	[62]

BITC	Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest	Bone	↓cyclin A, cyclin B1, ↑Chkl, p53, caspase-9 and −3, ROS	In vitro	7.5 μM/0, 12, 18, and 24 h	U-2 OS	[79]

BITC	Anti-metastasis	Lung	↓MMP-2, Twist, betacatenin, Akt and NFkappaB	In vitro	5 μM/24 h	L9981	[80]
BITC	Anti-metastasis	Lung	↑ROS	In vitro	5 μM/24 h	L9981	[80]

BITC	Anti-tumorigenesis	Leukocyte	↓hydrogen peroxide, ROS	In vitro	1, 10, 100 μM/24 h	HL-60	[81]
BITC	Anti-tumorigenesis	Leukocyte	↓hydrogen peroxide, ROS	In vivo	81 or 810 nmol/20 weeks	HL-60	[81]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↓HER2, EGFR, STAT-3, BCL-XL, XIAP, ROS	In vitro	10 μM/24 h	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7	[95]
			↑Bax, Bim, HER2	In vivo	12μmol/33 days
			↓HER2, EGFR, STAT-3	In vivo

PEITC	Apoptosis	Prostate	↓Bcl-2, XIAP	In vitro	1 μM/24 h	PC-3, DU145	[97]
PEITC	Apoptosis	Prostate	↑Bax, Bak	In vivo	9 μmol/38 days	PC-3, DU145	[97]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Leukemia	↑ROS, NO	In vitro	10 μM/ 1–6 h	HL-60	[98]
PEITC	Apoptosis	Leukemia	↓GSH	In vitro	10 μM/ 1–6 h	HL-60	[98]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↑ROS, caspases 9 and 3	In vitro	20 μM/6 h	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7	[99]
PEITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↓GSH, Bax	In vitro	20 μM/6 h	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7	[99]

PEITC	Apoptosis	T-cell	↑JNK	In vitro	20μM/24h	Jurkat	[101]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Lung	↑JNK, p38, Erk1/2, AP-1	In vivo	15 micromol/g/140 days		[102]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Colon	↓SOS-1, PKC, ERK1/2, Rho A, MMP-2 and -9, GRB2, NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2	In vitro	2.5 μM/24, 48 h	HT29	[103]

PEITC	Anti-metastasis	Liver	↓MMP-2,MMP-9	In vitro	0.1–5 μM/24 h	SK-Hep1	[104]
PEITC	Anti-metastasis	Liver	↑TIMP1,2	In vitro	0.1–5 μM/24 h	SK-Hep1	[104]

PEITC	Anti-angiogenesis	Prostate	↑VEGF, VEGF receptor 2, Akt, EGF, G-CSF	In vitro	4 μM/24 h	HUVEC, PC-3	[105]

PEITC	Anti-angiogenesis	Breast	↓HIF1alpha, CAIX, GLUT1, BNIP3, VEGF-A, 4E-BP1	In vitro	16 μM/24h	MCF7	[106]

PEITC	Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest	Prostate	↑p21WAF-1/Cip-1 and p27Kip1	In vivo	8 μmol/g/9 weeks	BALB/c male mice	[122]
PEITC	Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest	Prostate	↓cyclins D and E, Rb	In vivo	8 μmol/g/9 weeks	BALB/c male mice	[122]

PEITC	Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest	Oral squamous cell	↑p53, p21, pl7, Bax, Bid	In vitro	5 μM/72 h	HSC-3	[116]
PEITC	Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest	Oral squamous cell	↓cyclin E, CDK2, Bcl-2	In vitro	5 μM/72 h	HSC-3	[116]

PEITC	Apoptosis	multiple myeloma	↑PARP, caspases-3 and -9, c-jun, HSP27	In vitro	2.5, 5 and 10 μM/12, 24, 48 h	MM. 1S	[51]
PEITC	Apoptosis	multiple myeloma	↓Mcl-1, X-IAP, c-IAP and survivin	In vitro	2.5, 5 and 10 μM/12, 24, 48 h	MM. 1S	[51]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↑p57 Kip2, p53, BRCA2, IL-2, and ATF-2	In vitro	3 μM/48 h	MCF-7	[124]

PEITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Prostate	↑p53, WEE1, caspase-3, -8, -9	In vitro	20 μM/24,48 h	DU 145	[117]
PEITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Prostate	↓CDC25C	In vitro	20 μM/24,48 h	DU 145	[117]

PEITC	Cell cycle arrest	Lung	↓cell growth	In vitro	3, 6, 9 μM/24, 48, 72 h	A549, H1299	[125]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Ovary	↓EGFR, AKT, p-GSK	In vitro	40 μM/24 h	SKOV-3, OVCAR-3 , TOV-21G	[109]
PEITC	Apoptosis	Ovary	↓Tumor growth	In vivo	40 μM/24 h	12 μmol/42 days	[109]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Oral cancer	↑caspase-3,-8, BID, DR5	In vitro	10 μM/48 h	HN22	[113]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Cervical cancer	↑DR4, DR5, caspase-3, PARP	In vitro	5 μM/48 h	HEp-2, KB	[114]
PEITC	Apoptosis	Cervical cancer	↓ERK1/2	In vitro	5 μM/48 h	HEp-2, KB	[114]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↑caspases 7 and 9, PARP	In vitro	3–30 μM/24h	MCF-7	[118]
PEITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↓Bcl-2, XIAP	In vitro	3–30 μM/24h	MCF-7	[118]

PEITC	Apoptosis	Breast	↓ER-α36, ERK 1/2	In vitro	10 μM/48 h	MCF7, H3396, MDA-MB-231,SK-BR-3	[110]

SFN	Apoptosis	Liver	↑TrxR1	In vitro	12 μM/24 h	HepG2	[49]

SFN	Apoptosis	Breast	↑TrxR1	In vitro	3, 6 μM/24 h	MCF-7	[50]

SFN	Apoptosis	Prostate	↑Ac-histone H4, Bax, P21, ↓HDAC	In vitro	15 μM/24 h	BPH-1, LnCaP, PC-3	[133]

SFN	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Bladder	↑p27	In vitro	5–20 μM	T24	[147]

SFN	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Colon	↑cyclins A and B1, bax, cytochrome c	In vitro	15 μM/24 h	HT29	[148]

SFN	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	lymphoblastic leukemia	↑caspases 3, 8, and 9, p21	In vitro	7.5 μM/24 h	LCL, Nalm-6, Jurkat, KOPTK1	[149]
SFN	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	lymphoblastic leukemia	↓Cdc2/Cyclin B1, AKT, mTOR	In vitro	7.5 μM/24 h	LCL, Nalm-6, Jurkat, KOPTK1	[149]

SFN	Apoptosis	Bladder	↓tumor volume	In vivo	12 mg/kg/5 weeks	athymic mice	[135]
SFN	Apoptosis	Bladder	↑caspase 3 and cytochromec	In vivo	12 mg/kg/5 weeks	athymic mice	[135]

SFN	Apoptosis	Prostate	↓p65, VEGF, cylcin D1, and Bcl-X	In vitro	20 and 30 μM/24 h	PC-3	[136]

SFN	Cell cycle arrest	Colon	↑ERK,JNK,p38,p21	In vitro	6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM/−24h	HT-29	[150]
SFN	Cell cycle arrest	Colon	↓cyclin D1	In vitro	6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM/−24h	HT-29	[150]

SFN	Apoptosis	Colon	↑ERKl/2 and Akt	In vitro	20, 30 μM/24 h	Caco-2	[151]

SFN	Apoptosis	Breast	↑caspase-8, caspase-3, cytochrome c	In vitro	0, 5, 15, or 25 μmol/L for 48 h	MDA-MB-231,MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, T47D	[137]
SFN	Apoptosis	Breast	↓Bcl-2, HDAC, ERalpha, EGFR, EGFR2	In vitro	0, 5, 15, or 25 μmol/L for 48 h	MDA-MB-231,MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, T47D	[137]

SFN	Apoptosis	Prostate	↓IAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, p65	In vitro	20 μM/ 24 h	LNCaP, PC3	[143]
SFN	Apoptosis	Prostate	↑Apaf-1, E2F1	In vitro	20 μM/ 24 h	LNCaP, PC3	[143]

SFN	Anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis	Pancreas stem cell	↓Nanog, Oct-4, VEGF, PDGFRα, Zeb-1	In vivo	0–20 mg/kg/6 weeks	NOD/SCID/IL2Rgamma mice	[144]

SFN	Apoptosis	prostate	↑ROS, Fas, caspase-8, Bid	In vitro	40μM/4h	PC-3	[145]

SFN	Anti-metastasis	Oral carcinoma	↓MMP-1, -2	In vitro	1μM/24h	YD8, YD10B, YD15	[152]

SFN	Apoptosis	Breast	↓tumor growth	In vitro	25 or 50 mg/kg/24 days	KPL-1 athymic mice	[153]
SFN	Apoptosis	Breast	↓tumor growth	In vivo	25 or 50 mg/kg/24 days	KPL-1 athymic mice	[153]

SFN	Anti-metastasis	Bladder	↓ZEB1, Snail	In vitro	0–20μM/24h	T24	[154]
SFN	Anti-metastasis	Bladder	↑E-cadherin	In vitro	0–20μM/24h	T24	[154]

AITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Prostate	↓Bcl-2, cyclinBl, Cdc25B, Cdc25C	In vivo	10μmol/26 days	Nude mice	[168]
AITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Prostate	↑BID	In vivo	10μmol/26 days	Nude mice	[168]

AITC	Anti-proliferation	Colon	↓mitosis	In vitro	12 μM/24 h	HT-29	[164]

AITC	Apoptosis	Prostate	↑AP-1, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, Elk-1 and c-Jun	In vitro	50 μM/24 h	PC-3	[165]

AITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Bladder	↓ α- and β-tubulin	In vitro	30 μM/24 h	UM-UC-3	[167]
AITC	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest	Bladder	↑cytochrome c, caspase-9,-3, Bcl-2, JNK	In vitro	30 μM/24 h	UM-UC-3	[167]

AITC	Anti-metastasis	Liver	↓MMP-2/-9	In vitro	0.1–5 μM/24 h	SK-Hep 1	[169]