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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 6.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Mater. 2014 Apr 7;26(29):4961–4966. doi: 10.1002/adma.201400154

Figure. 4. Analysis of newly formed blood vessels.

Figure. 4

Immunofluorescence staining (a, c. e) and H&E staining (b, d, f) of sections of implants were used to identify the regeneration of blood vessels. The immunofluorescence staining for CD31 shows the positive staining in both VAM and its controls. Both immunofluorescence staining and H&E staining showed that the VAM (c, d) showed more blood vessels in new bone than negative control (scaffolds filled with wild-type phage) (a, b), but fewer blood vessels than positive control (scaffolds filled with RGD-phage and VEGF) (e, f). The quantitative analysis (g) of the average number of blood vessels in the region of interest (ROI) further confirmed the consistent results. These data suggested that the sole VAM could induce both osteogenesis and angiogenesis while the combination of VAM and VEGF can further enhance both osteogenesis and angiogenesis. All data represented the mean± SD (standard deviation) (N=5, **p<0.01)