Table 2.
Neurodevelopmental test scores in HEU and HUU.
| Test (N HEU:N HUU) | HIV- exposed | HIV- unexposed | Mean difference (95% CI) | p | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wechsler Intelligence tests (97:105) | ||||||
| Performance IQ | 90.3 (14.7) | 94.5 (16.0) | −4.12 (−8.39 to 0.16) | 0.06 | −3.68 (−8.43 to 1.08) | 0.13 |
| Verbal IQ | 81.1 (13.2) | 87.2 (14.7) | −6.09 (−9.98 to −2.21) | 0.002 | −6.13 (−10.3 to −1.96) | 0.004 |
| Full-scale IQ | 85.2 (13.6) | 90.3 (14.7) | −5.07 (−9.01 to −1.13) | 0.01 | −4.57 (−8.80 to −0.35) | 0.03 |
| Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales | ||||||
| Bead Memory (92:99) | 45.3 (9.1) | 49.1 (9.1) | −3.78 (−6.38 to −1.17) | 0.005 | −3.72 (−6.57 to −0.88) | 0.01 |
| Sentence Memory (92:99) | 41.4 (5.5) | 42.2 (6.3) | −0.79 (−2.49 to 0.90) | 0.36 | −0.60 (−2.30 to 1.11) | 0.49 |
| Digit Memorya (75:86) | 55.3 (6.9) | 55.5 (7.5) | −0.21 (−2.46 to 2.04) | 0.85 | −0.10 (−2.53 to 2.33) | 0.94 |
| Object Memory (75:86) | 52.0 (5.8) | 53.2 (7.2) | −1.18 (−3.23 to 0.86) | 0.26 | −0.34 (−2.61 to 1.92) | 0.76 |
| Beery VMI (154:162) | 94.2 (13.2) | 97.7 (16.2) | −3.46 (−6.72 to −0.19) | 0.04 | −2.74 (−6.25 to 0.77) | 0.13 |
| Color Trail (63:71) | ||||||
| Color Trail 1 standard score | 78.4 (17.2) | 84.0 (16.4) | −5.59 (−11.33 to 0.15) | 0.06 | −5.91 (−12.32 to 0.51) | 0.07 |
| Color Trail 2 standard score | 87.8 (13.6) | 88.2 (15.4) | −0.39 (−5.39 to 4.61) | 0.90 | 2.12 (−3.55 to 7.80) | 0.46 |
| Purdue Pegboard (successful pin placements; 119:128) | ||||||
| Dominant hand | 12.4 (2.7) | 12.5 (2.5) | −0.15 (−0.81 to 0.52) | 0.67 | 0.09 (−0.47 to 0.64) | 0.76 |
| Nondominant hand | 11.3 (2.8) | 11.6 (2.4) | −0.33 (−0.98 to 0.32) | 0.32 | −0.28 (−0.78 to 0.22) | 0.28 |
| Children’ s Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (158:162) | ||||||
| Internalizing T score | 50.7 (10.1) | 51.3 (9.2) | −0.64 (−2.77 to 1.49) | 0.55 | −1.84 (−4.11 to 0.45) | 0.11 |
| Externalizing T score | 50.5 (8.7) | 50.0 (8.7) | 0.54 (−1.38 to 2.46) | 0.58 | −0.03 (−2.14 to 2.08) | 0.98 |
| Total problem T score | 50.7 (9.3) | 49.2 (9.7) | 1.45 (−0.64 to 3.54) | 0.17 | 0.46 (−1.81 to 2.73) | 0.69 |
| CBCL syndrome based scales (raw scores) in school-age children (98:109) | ||||||
| Anxious/depressed | 3.2 (2.8) | 2.6 (2.4) | 0.60 (−0.11 to 1.32) | 0.10 | 0.47 (−0.31 to 1.25) | 0.23 |
| Withdrawn/depressed | 2.0 (1.7) | 1.9 (1.7) | 0.08 (−0.39 to 0.56) | 0.73 | −0.12 (−0.65 to 0.40) | 0.65 |
| Somatic complaints | 2.2 (2.3) | 2.3 (2.5) | −0.12 (−0.78 to 0.53) | 0.71 | −0.31 (−1.04 to 0.42) | 0.06 |
| Social problems | 3.3 (2.7) | 2.5 (2.3) | 0.81 (0.12 to 1.49) | 0.02 | 0.58 (−0.18 to 1.33) | 0.83 |
| Thought problems | 1.8 (2.1) | 1.7 (2.3) | 0.10 (−0.50 to 0.71) | 0.74 | 0.09 (−0.57 to 0.75) | 0.80 |
| Attention problemsa | 3.2 (3.0) | 2.6 (2.7) | 0.65 (−0.13 to 1.43) | 0.10 | 0.50 (−0.35 to 1.35) | 0.25 |
| Rule-breaking behaviora | 2.2 (2.1) | 2.1 (2.1) | 0.08 (−0.5 to 0.65) | 0.80 | −0.10 (−0.74 to 0.54) | 0.75 |
| Aggressive behaviora | 5.5 (4.1) | 4.5 (4.2) | 1.03 (−0.11 to 2.16) | 0.08 | 0.62 (−0.58 to 1.82) | 0.31 |
| Other problems | 4.0 (2.8) | 3.2 (2.8) | 0.79 (0.02 to 1.55) | 0.04 | 0.75 (−0.08 to 1.58) | 0.08 |
| Total raw score (sum of all raw syndrome scores) | 27.5 (18.5) | 23.4 (18.4) | 4.11 (−0.95 to 9.16) | 0.11 | 2.60 (−2.92 to 8.11) | 0.36 |
Note: Adjusted mean difference is adjusted for age, parent as caregiver, caregiver education of elementary level or below and average income or above, and for ethnicity in tests completed by both Thai and Cambodian children. Linear regression was used to calculate the mean difference in test scores between HEU with HUU as a reference group. Adjusted models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, and sociodemographic differences between exposure groups (educational level of caregiver, income, and parent as caregiver). Gender was included in adjusted models if there were statistically significant differences observed in univariate analysis at a level of p < 0.10. p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant (shown in bold font).
Also adjusted for gender.