Table 3.
Adjusted IQs at Age 6 Years Across Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) Comparing Breastfed vs Nonbreastfed Childrena
| AED Group | IQ, Mean (95% CI) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breastfed | Nonbreastfed | Difference | ||
| All AEDs | 108 (105 to 111) (n = 78) | 104 (101 to 106) (n = 103) | 4 (0 to 8) | .04 |
| Carbamazepine | 107 (101 to 113) (n = 23) | 105 (99 to 110) (n = 24) | 2 (−6 to 11) | .61 |
| Lamotrigine | 113 (110 to 117) (n = 27) | 110 (107 to 113) (n = 34) | 3 (2 to 8) | .23 |
| Phenytoin | 104 (99 to 110) (n = 17) | 108 (103 to 113) (n = 20) | −4 (−12 to 4) | .23 |
| Valproate | 106 (97 to 115) (n = 11) | 94 (88 to 100) (n = 25) | 12 (1 to 24) | .04 |
a
Adjusted for other significant factors in the model (ie, maternal IQ, AED group, AED dosage, periconception folate use, and breastfeeding) plus the propensity score. The following were not significant: socioeconomic status, educational level, race/ethnicity, seizure or epilepsy type, maternal age, number of convulsions (none vs >5), United Kingdom site, any use of alcohol during pregnancy, any use of tobacco during pregnancy, employment (at the time of enrollment), pregnancy complications, prior pregnancy complications, prior pregnancy birth defects, and whether the pregnancy was unwanted.