Fig. 1.

Speech scores from all languages in both sessions. Mean scores from session 1 are shown in black and from session 2 in gray. Error bars display 95% confidence intervals. A: average scores for the 3 languages in both sessions. One-tailed paired t-tests revealed significant improvements across session for all languages (P < 0.05). B: scores for the trained sounds only for each of the 3 languages. One-tailed paired t-tests revealed significant improvements for the trained sounds in Spanish (P > 0.005) and Mandarin (P < 0.0005). C: scores for the untrained sounds only. There were no significant differences across session for the untrained sounds. The table (bottom) presents post hoc 2-tailed paired t-tests following a 3 (language) × 2 (session) × 2 (training) ANOVA for the behavioral scores from the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experimental task.