Table 2.

New scientific tools and techniques applied (+) or not applied (–) in NexGen case study prototypes.

Scientific tools and techniques	Tier 1		Tier 2		Tier 3
	Hydrocarbon mixtures and cancer	Oil spill dispersants and endocrine disruption	Chemical exposure and cancer, reproductive, and developmental hazards	Multiple stressors and diabetes	Ozone and lung injury	Benzene and leukemia
Hazard identification and dose–response assessment methods
Quantitative structure–activity models	+	+	+	–	–	–
Toxicity pathway analysis	+	+	+	+	+	+
High throughput in vitro assays	–	+	+	+	+	+
High content “omics” assays	–	–	+	–	+	+
Molecular and genetic population-based studies	–	–	–	–	+	+
Biomarkers of effect	–	–	–	+	+	+
Dosimetry and exposure assessment methods
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation	+	+	+	–	–	–
Pharmacokinetic models and dosimetry	–	+	+	–	+	+
Biomarkers of exposure	–	–	–	+	+	+
Exposomics	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cross-cutting assessment methods
Adverse outcome pathways	+	+	+	+	+	+
Bioinformatics/computational biology	+	+	+	+	+	+
Functional genomics	–	–	+	+	+	+
Systems biology	+	–	+	+	+	+