Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of geocoded, nonpregestational diabetic population of CHD groupings and controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study (1997–2006).
| Demographics | Controls | APVR | AVSD | Conotruncal | LVOTO | RVOTO | Septal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site | |||||||
| Arkansas | 611 (9.7) | 18 (11.6) | 10 (12.2) | 89 (8.9) | 66 (8.0) | 110 (15.1) | 321 (17.4) |
| California | 871 (13.8) | 27 (17.4) | 5 (6.1) | 159 (15.8) | 111 (13.4) | 60 (8.3) | 110 (6.0) |
| Iowa | 806 (12.7) | 10 (6.5) | 15 (18.3) | 96 (9.6) | 122 (14.7) | 95 (13.1) | 189 (10.2) |
| Massachusetts | 916 (14.5) | 28 (18.1) | 15 (18.3) | 187 (18.7) | 117 (14.1) | 121 (16.6) | 240 (13.0) |
| Metro Atlanta, Georgia | 750 (11.9) | 19 (12.3) | 11 (13.4) | 140 (13.9) | 99 (11.9) | 92 (12.6) | 231 (12.5) |
| New York | 637 (10.1) | 13 (8.4) | 7 (8.5) | 110 (11.0) | 86 (10.4) | 68 (9.3) | 125 (6.8) |
| North Carolina | 452 (7.1) | 8 (5.2) | 4 (4.9) | 56 (5.6) | 27 (3.3) | 33 (4.5) | 74 (4.0) |
| Texas | 815 (12.9) | 20 (12.9) | 7 (8.5) | 115 (11.5) | 88 (10.6) | 66 (9.1) | 439 (23.8) |
| Utah | 470 (7.4) | 12 (7.7) | 8 (9.8) | 52 (5.2) | 113 (13.6) | 83 (11.4) | 119 (6.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White, non-Latino | 3,797 (60.0) | 89 (57.4) | 62 (75.6) | 612 (61.0) | 592 (71.4) | 474 (65.1) | 1,032 (55.8) |
| Black, non-Latino | 682 (10.8) | 9 (5.8) | 10 (12.2) | 102 (10.2) | 50 (6.0) | 98 (13.5) | 238 (12.9) |
| Latino | 1,460 (23.1) | 44 (28.4) | 4 (4.9) | 221 (22.0) | 159 (19.2) | 116 (15.9) | 467 (25.3) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 168 (2.7) | 7 (4.5) | 3 (3.7) | 35 (3.5) | 13 (1.6) | 13 (1.8) | 53 (2.9) |
| Other | 219 (3.5) | 6 (3.9) | 3 (3.7) | 34 (3.4) | 15 (1.8) | 27 (3.7) | 58 (3.1) |
| Education | |||||||
| 0–6 years | 210 (3.3) | 7 (4.6) | 1 (1.2) | 40 (4.0) | 27 (3.3) | 19 (2.6) | 58 (3.1) |
| 7–11 years | 844 (13.4) | 25 (16.3) | 6 (7.3) | 121 (12.1) | 99 (12.0) | 81 (11.1) | 293 (15.9) |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 1,516 (24.1) | 37 (24.2) | 20 (24.4) | 239 (23.9) | 186 (22.5) | 196 (26.9) | 452 (24.5) |
| 1–3 years college or trade school | 1,726 (27.4) | 42 (27.5) | 29 (35.4) | 276 (27.6) | 227 (27.4) | 196 (26.9) | 551 (29.8) |
| 4 years college or Bachelors degree | 1,414 (22.5) | 30 (19.6) | 20 (24.4) | 229 (22.9) | 216 (26.1) | 181 (24.9) | 367 (19.9) |
| Advanced degree | 581 (9.2) | 12 (7.8) | 6 (7.3) | 95 (9.5) | 73 (8.8) | 55 (7.6) | 126 (6.8) |
| Maternal age [years (mean ± SD)] | 27.0 ± 6.1 | 26.7 ± 6.7 | 26.9 ± 5.3 | 27.8 ± 6.2 | 27.8 ± 5.8 | 27.7 ± 6.1 | 27.0 ± 6.5 |
| Nativity | |||||||
| Born in United States | 5,110 (81.2) | 118 (77.1) | 70 (85.4) | 804 (80.4) | 697 (84.2) | 633 (87.0) | 1,527 (82.7) |
| Household income | |||||||
| < $10,000 | 1,066 (18.5) | 26 (19.1) | 13 (16.5) | 167 (17.7) | 105 (13.5) | 109 (16.1) | 351 (20.4) |
| $10,000–$50,000 | 2,695 (46.7) | 69 (50.7) | 41 (51.9) | 410 (43.4) | 368 (47.2) | 321 (47.4) | 853 (49.7) |
| > $50,000 | 2,012 (34.9) | 41 (30.2) | 25 (31.7) | 367 (38.9) | 306 (39.3) | 248 (36.6) | 514 (29.9) |
| Occupational status | |||||||
| Worked outside home | 4,545 (72.1) | 97 (63.4) | 70 (85.4) | 742 (74.2) | 604 (72.9) | 544 (74.7) | 1,279 (69.3) |
| Smoking | |||||||
| First month | 967 (15.3) | 26 (17.0) | 26 (31.7) | 140 (14.0) | 114 (13.8) | 122 (16.8) | 373 (20.2) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| No drinking | 3,981 (63.6) | 101 (67.3) | 50 (61.0) | 603 (60.9) | 550 (66.9) | 473 (66.2) | 1,210 (65.9) |
| < 4 drinks | 1,509 (24.1) | 31 (20.7) | 19 (23.2) | 251 (25.3) | 165 (20.1) | 164 (22.9) | 405 (22.1) |
| ≥ 4 drinks | 770 (12.3) | 18 (12.0) | 13 (15.9) | 137 (13.8) | 107 (13.0) | 78 (10.9) | 222 (12.1) |
| BMI | |||||||
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 316 (5.2) | 8 (5.4) | 4 (5.0) | 50 (5.2) | 34 (4.3) | 25 (3.6) | 96 (5.4) |
| 18.5 to < 25 (normal) | 3,373 (55.4) | 79 (53.7) | 46 (57.5) | 519 (53.5) | 426 (53.8) | 330 (46.9) | 910 (51.0) |
| 25 to < 30 (overweight) | 1,404 (23.1) | 31 (21.1) | 18 (22.5) | 221 (22.8) | 182 (23.0) | 190 (27.0) | 425 (23.8) |
| BMI ≥ 30 (obese) | 993 (16.3) | 29 (19.7) | 12 (15.0) | 180 (18.6) | 150 (18.9) | 159 (22.6) | 354 (19.8) |
| Proximity to roadway | |||||||
| < 50 m | 1,168 (18.5) | 37 (23.9) | 14 (17.1) | 192 (19.1) | 156 (18.8) | 112 (15.4) | 331 (17.9) |
| Values are n (%) unless otherwise noted. | |||||||