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. 2014 Jul 10;5(7):e1317. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2014.282

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Copyright © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

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TGF-β/Smad3 treatment stimulates VEGF mRNA and protein expression and secretion from rat vascular SMCs. (a) Rat vascular SMCs were infected with either AdGFP or AdSmad3 followed by stimulation with TGF-β (5 ng/ml). Cells were collected at the indicated time points following TGF-β stimulation and mRNA levels of VEGF-164 were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. (b) VEGF-164 protein levels in cell lysates were measured by western blot analysis and normalized by β-actin (lower panels show representative western blots). (c) VEGF-164 protein levels in the culture media were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each bar represents mean±S.E.M. of three independent experiments (*P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared with the AdGFP control)