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Traumatic causes of intestinal perforation
| Traumatic causes |
| Blunt abdominal trauma (e.g., bicycle handlebar injury) |
| Motor vehicle accident (incl. pelvic fracture) |
| Ingested foreign bodies (e.g., fishbone, needles, safety pins, magnets) |
| Endoscopic studies (e.g., endoscopy, ERCP, especially with papillotomy) |
| Surgical treatment (e.g., laparotomy, especially cholecystectomy, abdominal liposuction) |
ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
