FIG. 6.

Mechanisms of protein oxidation. Six mechanisms of protein oxidation are depicted (yellow bars and numbers, top and center). The species of ROS/RNS involved in each mechanism are listed above. The top scheme represents the protein backbone with the individual amino acids (see in-figure legend) in which the polygonal/circular forms represent aromatic structures on the respective amino acid residues. The sites of oxidation by ROS/RNS are indicated with orange shading. The bottom scheme shows the structural changes after oxidation, also higlighted in orange. Details on the reaction mechanisms are provided in the text. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars