Table 1.
Human homodimeric toll-like receptors, PAMPs, and DAMPs that can be recognized by the different TLRs (Fritz and Girardin, 2005; Piccinini and Midwood, 2010; Basith et al., 2011; Rosin and Okusa, 2011; Liu and Ji, 2014).
| TLR | Ligating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) | Ligating damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) |
|---|---|---|
| TLR1 | Triacy lipopeptides | β(-defensin-3 |
| Soluble factors | ||
| TLR2 | Zymosan | HMGB1 |
| Lipoteichoic acid | HSPs | |
| Lipoproteins | Monosodium uric acid | |
| Lipopeptides | Hyaluronan | |
| Peptidoglycan | Biglycan | |
| Bacterial porines | Versican | |
| Viric hemagglutinin | ||
| Glycolipids | ||
| Glycoinositol phospholipids | ||
| TLR3 | dsRNA | mRNA |
| TLR4 | Lipopolysaccharides | HMGB1 |
| Taxol | HSPs | |
| Viral proteins | Monosodium uric acid | |
| Defensins | ||
| Lactoferrin | ||
| Hyaluronan | ||
| Biglycan | ||
| Fibrinogen | ||
| Heparan sulfate | ||
| Fibronectin extra domain A | ||
| Envelope proteins | ||
| TLR5 | Bacterial flagellin | Unknown |
| TLR6 | Diacyl lipopeptides | Unknown |
| Zymosan | ||
| Lipoteichoic acid | ||
| Phenol-soluble modulin | ||
| TLR7 | ssRNA | Cathelicidins |
| Imidazoquinoline | ||
| Loxoribine | ||
| TLR8 | ssRNA | ssRNA |
| Antiphospholipid antibodies | ||
| TLR9 | Unmethylated CpG DNA | HMGB1 |
| DNA | ||
| Cathelicidins | ||
| IgG-chromatin complexes | ||
| TLR11 | Uropathogenic bacteria | Unknown |
| Profiling-like molecule |