Figure 5. Antibiosis to H. armigera following exposure to O. kilimandscharicum leaf extract and selected compounds.

A. Average larval mass and B. percentage of mortality of H. armigera second-instar larvae fed on artificial diet supplemented with O. kilimandscharicum leaf extract, camphor, limonene, β-caryophyllene at 100 ppm (day 0 to 8) and C. pupal deformities and death for larvae fed on diet supplemented with O. kilimandscharicum extract and camphor. Two way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test between the treatment and larval mass (A) at different time points suggested significant interaction at p<0.0001. Significant difference in data at p<0.0001 (indicated by ****), at p<0.001 (indicated by ***), at p<0.01 (indicated by **), at p<0.05 (indicated by *). Small letters in (B) represents results for Tukey’s post hoc test. Similar alphabets in column represent group of diets showing non-significant (NS) difference in mortality while different alphabets represents diets exhibiting statistically different mortality in that particular day. NS represents non-significant difference in mortality.