Table 2. Adjusted Difference in HOME Study Children’s Urinary Phthalate Concentrations at 1-5 Years of Age According to Sociodemographic Factors or Serum Cotinine Levels (N = 296 With a Total of 1050 Repeated Measures)a.
| ∑DEHPb | MBzP | MCPP | MCOP | MCNP | MEP | MnBPc | MiBPc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| variable | N (%) or mean (SD) | % differenced (95% CI) | % differenced (95% CI) |
% differenced (95% CI) |
% differenced (95% CI) |
% differenced (95% CI) | % differenced (95% CI) |
% differenced (95% CI) |
% differenced (95% CI) |
| Child Race | |||||||||
| non-hispanic white | 194 (66) | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| non-hispanic black | 83 (28) | –6 (−17, 7) | –6 (−19, 10) | –26 (−34, −17) | –19 (−29, 8) | –9 (−19, 1) | 91 (64, 123) | –18 (−33, 1) | 2 (−17, 25) |
| othere | 19 (6) | 6 (−13, 30) | –1 (−23, 26) | –2 (−18, 16) | 1 (−18, 24) | 12 (−6, 34) | 97 (55, 152) | 41 (1, 96) | 53 (10, 113) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| female | 161 (54) | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| male | 135 (46) | –2 (−12, 10) | 12 (−3, 28) | 5 (−4, 16) | –2 (−13, 10) | –4 (−13, 6) | –12 (−23, 0.3) | –18 (−32, −1) | –15 (−30, 3) |
| Age (% change/year) | 2.94 (1.47) | –2 (−5, 1) | –2 (−6, 1) | –0.2 (−3, 3) | 21 (18, 26) | –6 (−9, −4) | –11 (−14, −7) | –24 (−34, −13) | –13 (−23, −1) |
| Year of Birth | |||||||||
| born 2003–2004 | 142 (48) | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| born 2005–2006 | 154 (52) | –15 (−24, −6) | –18 (−27, −6) | –3 (−11, 6) | 1 (−9, 13) | –4 (−12, 5) | –18 (−28, −7) | –19 (−32, 4) | –3 (−18, 15) |
|
Household Income (% difference/$10,000) |
62,276 (40,570) | 0.5 (−1, 2) | –4 (−6, −1) | 0 (−2, 2) | –0.4 (−2, 2) | –1 (−2, 1) | –2 (−4, 1) | 0.3 (−3, 3) | –1 (−3, 2) |
| Maternal Education | |||||||||
| less than grade 12 | 25 (8) | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| high school graduate | 32 (11) | 4 (−12, 23) | –21 (−35, −3) | –11 (−24, 3) | 2 (−14, 22) | –17 (−28, −4) | 13 (−8, 38) | –15 (−35, 12) | –26 (−44, −3) |
| some college | 77 (26) | 7 (−5, 21) | –12 (−24, 2) | –1 (−11, 10) | –0.1 (−12, 13) | –11 (−20, −1) | –14 (−26, −1) | 17 (−3, 42) | –2 (−19, 19) |
| college graduate | 162 (55) | –10 (−19, 0.1) | –33 (−41, −24) | –17 (−25, −10) | –12 (−21, −2) | –20 (−27, −12) | –36 (−44, −28) | –9 (−23, 8) | –8 (−23, 9) |
|
Mean Cotinine (% difference/ng/mL) |
0.66 (1.97) | 1 (−2, 5) | 5 (−0.1, 10) | 1 (−3, 4) | –2 (−5, 2) | –1 (−5, 2) | 0 (−5, 5) | 3 (−2, 9) | 0.5 (−5, 6) |
a
Results adjusted for all other variables listed in Table 2 and urinary creatinine z-score. CI= confidence interval.
b
∑DEHP= MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP.
c
MnBP and MiBP measured only at visits 4 and 5.
d
% Difference = percent difference in geometric means compared to the reference group for categorical variables or for a one unit increase for continuous variables.
e
Other race = Asian, Pacific Islander, or American Indian.