Table 3.

Post-exposure and the end-of-day urine HDA levels^a adjusted for creatinine concentration and stratified by workplace and individual factors.^b

				Pooled post-exposure urine (μg HDA/g creatinine)			End-of-day urine (μg HDA/g creatinine)
Variable	Level	n	N	GM	GSD	p-value	GM	GSD	p-value
Coverall	no	14	38	0.16	3.48	0.05	0.13	4.95	0.21
	yes	33	77	0.09	4.94		0.08	5.60
Gloves	no	8	25	0.14	3.51	0.29	0.12	5.07	0.41
	yes	39	90	0.10	4.80		0.09	5.52
Long sleeves	no	41	109	0.11	4.65	0.89	0.10	5.62	0.47
	yes	6	6	0.11	2.65		0.13	2.54
Hat	no	26	71	0.13	4.56	0.22	0.10	5.76	0.56
	yes	21	44	0.09	4.39		0.09	4.92
Googles	no	37	95	0.12	4.49	0.15	0.10	5.76	0.56
	yes	10	20	0.07	4.37		0.09	4.92
Respirator	PAPR/air supply	10	26	0.07	3.92	0.06	0.07	4.72	0.23
	cartridge	38	88	0.13	4.63		0.11	5.65
APF respirator type	1	1	1	0.09	1.00	0.23	0.09	1.00	0.44
	10	37	85	0.12	4.70		0.07	5.73
	50	1	3	0.30	1.76		0.32	1.91
	1000	10	26	0.07	3.92		0.07	4.72
Booth type	cross	9	20	0.25	2.60	0.02	0.18	3.53	0.20
	semi	7	17	0.09	4.33		0.09	5.59
	down	31	78	0.09	4.79		0.08	5.76
Multipainter shop	no	28c	68	0.09	4.48	0.10	0.08	5.09	0.28
	yes	19	47	0.15	4.38		0.12	5.86
Location	North Carolina	14	33	0.11	4.57	0.91	0.10	5.26	0.75
	Washington	33	82	0.11	4.53		0.09	5.52
Weekday	Monday	18	18	0.08	3.77	0.47	0.07	4.76	0.47
	Tuesday	23	23	0.15	5.21		0.13	6.39
	Wednesday	34	34	0.10	4.59		0.11	5.75
	Thursday	24	24	0.15	4.49		0.12	4.56
	Friday	16	16	0.08	3.78		0.05	4.80
Current smoker	no	33	78	0.09	4.88	0.12	0.08	5.66	0.16
	yes	16	37	0.15	3.67		0.13	4.78
Ethnicity	Caucasian	31	78	0.11	4.51	0.33	0.10	5.63	0.58
	African-American	4	6	0.06	6.57		0.06	5.89
	Hispanic	9	19	0.15	3.22		0.13	4.00
	Asian	1	3	0.03	3.12		0.04	3.60
	Native American	1	3	0.23	1.55		0.25	1.32
	mixed	2	6	0.07	6.81		0.06	8.67

^aPooled, post-exposure urine level includes all urine samples collected from a painter after at least one exposure had occurred while the end-of-day urine level was measured in the last urine sample of the workday.

^bn = number of workers (may not always total 47, since workers would change PPE use or other factors between visits; two workers quit smoking between visits); N = number of worker-days; GM = geometric mean; GSD = geometric standard deviation.

^cNumber is based on painters participating in this study. Some shops may have had another painter who did not participate in the study.