Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of MESA Participants Without and With Baseline RMD
| Participants Without RMD (n = 3,356) | Participants With RMD (n = 1,154) | p Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs† | 61.5 ± 10 | 61.2 ± 10 | 0.34 |
|
| |||
| Women | 1,788 (53.3) | 530 (45.9) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Ethnicity | 0.005 | ||
| African American | 854 (25.4) | 341 (29.5) | |
| Chinese | 442 (13.2) | 115 (10.0) | |
| Hispanic | 739 (22.0) | 250 (21.7) | |
| Caucasian | 1,321 (39.4) | 448 (38.8) | |
|
| |||
| Hypertension | 1,413 (42.1) | 495 (42.8) | 0.68 |
|
| |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg† | 126 ± 21 | 125 ± 22 | 0.15 |
|
| |||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg† | 72 ± 10 | 73 ± 11 | 0.001 |
|
| |||
| Pulse rate, beats/min† | 63 ± 9 | 63 ± 10 | 0.12 |
|
| |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2† | 27.7 ± 4.9 | 27.8 ± 5.0 | 0.79 |
|
| |||
| Waist-to-hip ratio† | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.026 |
|
| |||
| Smoking status | 0.13 | ||
| Never | 1,726 (51.6) | 574 (49.9) | |
| Former smoker | 1,208 (36.1) | 409 (35.5) | |
| Current smoker | 412 (12.3) | 168 (14.6) | |
|
| |||
| Cumulative smoking, pack-yrs† | 10.7 ± 23.2 | 11.4 ± 20.0 | 0.34 |
|
| |||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl† | 194 ± 35 | 194 ± 36 | 0.74 |
|
| |||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl† | 117 ± 31 | 118 ± 32 | 0.26 |
|
| |||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl† | 52 ± 15 | 50 ± 15 | 0.004 |
|
| |||
| Treatment for hyperlipidemia | 537 (16.0) | 168 (14.6) | 0.24 |
|
| |||
| Diabetes | 382 (11.4) | 136 (11.8) | 0.73 |
|
| |||
| Physical activity, MET-min/week‡ | |||
| Intentional exercise | 938 (210–2,100) | 840 (125–2,100) | 0.12 |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity | 4,200 (2,091–7,665) | 4,117 (2,100–7,860) | 0.92 |
|
| |||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl† | 96 ± 28 | 97 ± 31 | 0.29 |
|
| |||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl† | 0.95 ± 0.24 | 0.99 ± 0.43 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Microalbuminuria | 247 (7.4) | 14 (1.2) | 0.98 |
|
| |||
| Macroalbuminuria | 42 (1.3) | 14 (1.2) | 0.98 |
|
| |||
| C-reactive protein, mg/l‡ | 1.77 (0.77–4.05) | 1.80 (0.78–4.04) | 0.52 |
|
| |||
| Fibrinogen, mg/dl† | 342 ± 71 | 345 ± 72 | 0.11 |
|
| |||
| Interleukin-6, pg/ml† | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 0.84 |
|
| |||
| Homocysteine, μmol/l† | 9.1 ± 3.3 | 9.4 ± 3.4 | 0.008 |
|
| |||
| Q-wave on electrocardiogram | 34 (1.0) | 15 (1.3) | 0.42 |
|
| |||
| LV hypertrophy on electrocardiogram | 32 (1.0) | 17 (1.5) | 0.15 |
|
| |||
| LV ejection fraction, %†§ | 70 ± 6 | 65 ± 9 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| LV mass index, g/m2†§ | |||
| Women (n = 2,318) | 71 ± 12 | 73 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Men (n = 2,192) | 84 ± 15 | 89 ± 19 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Regional myocardial function, SWT (%)†§ | |||
| Average SWT of LAD segments | 68 ± 21 | 48 ± 20 | <0.001 |
| Average SWT of RCA segments | 66 ± 19 | 47 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Average SWT of LCx segments | 81 ± 24 | 59 ± 23 | <0.001 |
All data are presented as mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
*
For categoric variables, p value was generated from the chi-square test.
†
Intergroup comparison by 1-way analysis of variance.
‡
Intergroup comparison by Mann-Whitney test.
§
Determined by Q-MASS on magnetic resonance imaging examination.
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LAD = left anterior descending artery; LCx = left circumflex artery; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LV = left ventricular; MET = metabolic equivalent; RCA = right coronary artery; RMD = regional myocardial dysfunction; SWT = systolic wall thickening.