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. 2014 Jul 17;2014:837157. doi: 10.1155/2014/837157

Table 3.

Other novel approaches in AD clinical trials.

Mechanism RCT Status Estimated end Dementia stage Enrollment Duration Reported outcomes Details of drugs/RCTS
Anti-inflammation and antioxidation Curcumin Phase 2; completed 2007.12 Mild-to-moderate 33     NSAID, cholesterol-lowering properties
Etanercept Phase 1; ongoing 2015.6 Mild-to-moderate 12 12 months ↑cognitive function with other nutrients. Approved drug for arthritis; may modulate immune system; benefit AD patients
dl-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) Phase 3; completed 2012.10 Mild-to-moderate 613      
PUFA Phase 1/2; ongoing∗ 2015.1   100 18 months   Tested alone or together with lipoic acid
RO4602522 Phase 1; completed 2013.5   17      
PDE inhibitors PF-04447943 Phase 2, completed 2010.9 Mild-to-moderate 198     Selective PDE 9A inhibitor
MK0952 Phase 2; completed 2007.11 Mild-to-moderate       Selective PDE 4 inhibitor
Cilostazol Phase 4; completed 2013.7 Mild-to-moderate 46     PDE3 inhibitor, Antiplatelet agent in WMHI; ↑pCREB
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor Masitinib Phase 3; ongoing∗ 2015.12 Mild-to-moderate 396     In combination with AChEI and/or memantine
Insulin and GLP1-R agonists Intranasal insulin (glulisine) Phase 2/3; ongoing 2015.2 MCI/mild AD 240 12 months    
Exendin-4 (exenatide) Phase 2; ongoing 2016.7 MCI/early stage 100 3 years Showed neuroprotection Diabetes agent
Liraglutide Phase 2; ongoing 2017.1 early stage 206 12 months    
Modulating mitochondrial function AC-1204 Phase 2/3; ongoing 2015.1 Mild-to-moderate 480 26 weeks    
Latrepirdine (Dimebon) Phase 3; completed 2009.12 Mild-to-moderate 598 6 months    
RXR agonist Bexarotene Phase 2; ongoing 2014.3 Mild-to-moderate 20     Approved anticancer drug; linked to key pathways relevant to AD and Aβ
NGF delivery CERE-110 Phase 2; ongoing 2014.12 Mild-to-moderate 50 24 months 24 months Designed to help neurons function better; uses a virus to transfer NGF gene
Encapsulated Cell biodelivery of NGF Phase 1b 2011.12   6 12 months    

RCT: randomized controlled trial; NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PDE: phosphodiesterase; WMHI: subcortical vascular disease; pCREB: phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein; AChEI: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; GLP1-R: glucagon-likepeptide1 receptor; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; RXR: retinoid X receptors; NGF: nerve growth factor.

∗RCTs with a combination of another drug.