Table 5. Estimated sex-specific distribution (%) of smoking status, with covariate-adjusted OR estimates for the association between being male and smoking status. Data from each country participating in the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Consortium.
| Estimated proportion of never and ever smokers | Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | Estimated proportion of former and current smokers among ever-smokers | Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| Never | Ever | Former | Current | |||
| Nigeria | ||||||
| Female | 98.3 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 75.8 | 24.2 | 1.0 |
| Male | 72.5 | 27.5 | 26.6 (18.5 to 38.5)** | 72.7 | 27.3 | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.3) |
| People's Republic of China | ||||||
| Female | 92.9 | 7.1 | 1.0 | 22.6 | 77.4 | 1.0 |
| Male | 32.9 | 67.1 | 35.2 (27.7 to 44.6)** | 17.3 | 82.7 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) |
| South Africa | ||||||
| Female | 83.0 | 17.0 | 1.0 | 30.1 | 69.9 | 1.0 |
| Male | 43.2 | 56.8 | 7.7 (6.2 to 9.5)** | 26.5 | 73.5 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) |
| Colombia | ||||||
| Female | 72.5 | 27.5 | 1.0 | 64.1 | 35.9 | 1.0 |
| Male | 48.5 | 51.5 | 2.7 (2.2 to 3.2)** | 60.8 | 39.2 | 1.0 (0.07 to 1.4) |
| Mexico | ||||||
| Female | 69.5 | 30.5 | 1.0 | 65.4 | 34.6 | 1.0 |
| Male | 33.2 | 66.8 | 3.7 (3.0 to 4.4)** | 52.5 | 47.5 | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2)* |
| Ukraine | ||||||
| Female | 81.5 | 18.5 | 1.0 | 36.5 | 63.5 | 1.0 |
| Male | 20.8 | 79.2 | 19.7 (16.0 to 24.3)** | 27.1 | 72.9 | 2.5 (1.9 to 3.2)** |
| Lebanon | ||||||
| Female | 61.8 | 38.2 | 1.0 | 22.1 | 77.9 | 1.0 |
| Male | 44.9 | 55.1 | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.8)** | 23.1 | 76.9 | 1.0 (0.07 to 1.6) |
| Japan | ||||||
| Female | 77.2 | 22.8 | 1.0 | 51.2 | 48.8 | 1.0 |
| Male | 19.0 | 81.0 | 15.2 (12.0 to 19.4)** | 43.8 | 56.2 | 2.2 (1.6 to 3.0)** |
| Spain | ||||||
| Female | 62.3 | 37.7 | 1.0 | 24.8 | 75.2 | 1.0 |
| Male | 31.1 | 68.9 | 3.2 (2.8 to 3.8)** | 41.0 | 59.0 | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9)* |
| Italy | ||||||
| Female | 66.2 | 33.8 | 1.0 | 35.4 | 64.6 | 1.0 |
| Male | 37.6 | 62.4 | 3.2 (2.7 to 3.6)** | 46.1 | 53.9 | 0.8 (0.7 to 1.1) |
| Israel‡ | ||||||
| Female | 66.0 | 34.0 | 1.0 | 45.2 | 54.7 | 1.0 |
| Male | 37.7 | 62.3 | 3.1 (2.8 to 3.5)** | 40.3 | 59.7 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7)* |
| New Zealand | ||||||
| Female | 51.8 | 48.2 | 1.0 | 53.4 | 46.5 | 1.0 |
| Male | 46.3 | 53.7 | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4)** | 54.4 | 45.6 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) |
| France | ||||||
| Female | 60.9 | 39.1 | 1.0 | 45.0 | 55.0 | 1.0 |
| Male | 34.3 | 65.7 | 3.0 (2.5 to 3.6)** | 47.6 | 52.4 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5)* |
| Netherlands | ||||||
| Female | 44.7 | 55.3 | 1.0 | 44.1 | 55.9 | 1.0 |
| Male | 36.3 | 63.7 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9)* | 48.7 | 51.3 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.2) |
| Germany | ||||||
| Female | 55.8 | 44.2 | 1.0 | 36.0 | 64.0 | 1.0 |
| Male | 41.3 | 58.7 | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0)** | 41.1 | 58.6 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) |
| Belgium | ||||||
| Female | 63.5 | 36.5 | 1.0 | 48.4 | 51.6 | 1.0 |
| Male | 38.2 | 61.8 | 2.9 (2.5 to 3.4)** | 46.8 | 53.2 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8)* |
| USA | ||||||
| Female | 52.4 | 47.6 | 1.0 | 52.6 | 47.4 | 1.0 |
| Male | 41.8 | 58.2 | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.8)** | 52.4 | 47.6 | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.001.
†
Adjusted holding constant age, marital status, education (except for China and France), and employment (except for South Africa).
‡
Israel estimates are for those who smoked at least once a day.