Table 1.
Weighted mean ± standard error or weighted percentage, NHANES, 2005–2008.
| Characteristics | Total Sample | AMD |
p-value A | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (N) | No (N) | |||
| N | 5390 | 426 | 4964 | |
| Age (years) | 56.4±0.39 | 67.8± 0.96 | 55.6±0.35 | <.0001 |
| Female (%) | 52.6 | 53.0 (205) | 52.5 | 0.83 |
| Race (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 77.6 | 86.7 (304) | 76.9 (2,632) | <.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 9.1 | 3.8 (35) | 9.5 (1,017) | |
| Mexican American | 5.4 | 4.1 (52) | 5.5 (791) | |
| Other | 7.9 | 5.4 (35) | 8.1 (524) | |
| Education (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 17.7 | 21.4 (122) | 17.4 (1,438) | 0.21 |
| High school diploma | 26.3 | 27.1 (117) | 26.2 (1,219) | |
| Some college+ | 56.0 | 51.4 (187) | 56.3 (2,307) | |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | ||||
| Never | 48.7 | 43.2 (190) | 49.0 (2,368) | <.0001 |
| Former | 30.8 | 41.8 (172) | 30.0 (1,564) | |
| Current | 20.6 | 15.0 (62) | 21.0 (1,032) | |
| Pack-years of cigarettes | 11.6±0.61 | 14.5±1.43 | 11.4±0.63 | 0.04 |
| Frequency of weekly alcohol consumption | 1.2±0.07 | 1.1±0.10 | 1.2±0.7 | 0.34 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.1±0.14 | 28.4± 0.35 | 29.1±0.14 | 0.07 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.9±0.33 | 56.5± 0.69 | 53.7±0.35 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 47.9 | 61.8 (284) | 47.0 (2,588) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 11.1 | 12.6 (64) | 11.0 (768) | 0.34 |
| Age-related macular degeneration (%) | 6.6 | 100 (426) | 0 (0) | |
| Blood lead (μg/dL)B | 1.65 (1.60, 1.71) | 1.86 (1.73, 2.00) | 1.64 (1.58, 1.69) | 0.0009 |
| Blood cadmium (μg/L) | 0.41 (0.39, 0.42) | 0.47 (0.43, 0.51) | 0.40 (0.39, 0.42) | 0.005 |
| Urinary cadmium (μg/L)B | 0.29 (0.27,0.31) | 0.37 (0.30, 0.45) | 0.28 (0.26, 0.31) | 0.04 |
| Creatinine-adjusted urinary cadmium (μg/g)B | 0.33 (0.31, 0.35) | 0.47 (0.40, 0.54) | 0.32 (0.30, 0.34) | 0.0001 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease (%) | 12.0 | 28.6 (130) | 10.8 (620) | <.0001 |
Abbreviation: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
A
P-value based on the t-test for continuous variables and the Rao-Scott Chi-square test for categorical variables.
B
Geometric mean (95% confidence interval) is presented.