Table 2.
Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals) of age-related macular degeneration by blood lead and blood cadmium (n=5390), and urinary cadmium concentrations (n=1548), NHANES, 2005–2008.
| Variables | AMD/No AMD | Crude | Model A | Model B |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lead | ||||
| Blood lead quartile (μg/dL)A | ||||
| Quartile 1 (0.18–1.20) | 78/1288 | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Quartile 2 (1.21–1.77) | 101/1182 | 1.24 (0.85, 1.81) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.22) |
| Quartile 3 (1.78–2.61) | 121/1217 | 1.67 (1.19, 2.34) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.55) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.48) |
| Quartile 4 (2.62–26.80) | 118/1100 | 1.80 (1.27, 2.55) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.36) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.26) |
| p-for-trend | <.0001 | 0.89 | 0.65 | |
| Cadmium | ||||
| Blood cadmium quartile (μg/L)A | ||||
| Quartile 1 (0.14–0.25) | 72/1256 | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Quartile 2 (0.26–0.38) | 96/1218 | 1.41 (0.99, 2.02) | 1.00 (0.67, 1.52) | 1.00 (0.67, 1.51) |
| Quartile 3 (0.39–0.65) | 134/1164 | 2.19 (1.53, 3.15) | 1.24 (0.83, 1.85) | 1.23 (0.81, 1.87) |
| Quartile 4 (0.66–10.80) | 116/1149 | 1.96 (1.32, 2.90) | 1.56 (1.02, 2.40) | 1.43 (0.91, 2.27) |
| p-for-trend | <.0001 | 0.02 | 0.08 | |
| Urinary cadmium quartile (μg/L)B | ||||
| Quartile 1 (0.03–0.175) | 26/360 | (Reference) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
| Quartile 2 (0.176–0.352) | 18/365 | 0.75 (0.37, 1.54) | 0.74 (0.38, 1.45) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.65) |
| Quartile 3 (0.353–0.646) | 31/362 | 2.12 (1.00, 4.48) | 2.23 (0.85, 5.94) | 2.31 (0.79, 6.78) |
| Quartile 4 (0.648–5.35) | 29/357 | 1.80 (0.88, 3.66) | 2.15 (0.87, 5.33) | 2.18 (0.70, 6.83) |
| p-for-trend | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09 | |
Abbreviation: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
A
Model A was adjusted for age, age-squared, gender, race, education and body mass index. Model B: Model A + further adjusted for pack-years.
B
Model A was adjusted for urinary creatinine, age, age-squared, gender, race, education and body mass index. Model B: Model A + further adjusted for pack-years.