Table 3.

Effect modification of the association between blood and urinary cadmium concentrations and AMD by race/ethnicity, gender, pack-years of cigarettes in the NHANES, 2005–2008.*

	Blood Cadmium^A					Urinary Cadmium^B

	Low (< 0.39 μg/L)		High (≥0.39μg/L)		P for interaction	Low (< 0.35 μg/L)			High(≥0.35μg/L)	P for interaction

	N with/with-out AMD	OR (95 % CI)	N with/with-out AMD	OR (95 % CI)		N with/with-out AMD	OR (95 % CI)	N with/with-out AMD	OR (95 % CI)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Black	13/495	1.00 (Reference)	22/522	1.39 (0.75, 2.59)		4/115	1.00 (Reference)	6/186	1.51 (0.40, 5.61)
Non-Hispanic White	119/1365	2.27 (1.26, 4.12)	185/1267	3.07 (1.69, 5.59)	0.63	27/418	1.05 (0.29, 3.75)	44/330	3.56 (0.91, 13.9)	0.03
Other	45/744	2.57 (1.28, 5.16)	42/571	2.69 (1.42, 5.11)	0.39	13/193	2.69 (0.57, 12.6)	10/202	1.66 (0.59, 4.69)	0.10

Gender
Males	104/1408	1.0 (Reference)	117/1071	1.29 (0.87, 1.93)		21/362	1.0 (Reference)	32/388	3.51 (1.33, 9.27)
Females	73/1196	0.87 (0.67, 1.12)	132/1289	1.17 (0.86, 1.58)	0.86	23/364	1.36 (0.68, 2.74)	28/330	2.94 (1.25, 6.92)	0.29

Pack-years
0	106/1746	1.0 (Reference)	87/655	1.31 (0.87, 1.97)		25/409	1.0 (Reference)	21/249	2.26 (0.85, 5.97)
0 – 19.9	44/566	1.19 (0.67, 2.13)	70/759	1.35 (0.90, 1.98)	0.43	13/200	0.86 (0.36, 2.00)	13/233	2.03 (0.90, 4.58)	0.68
20+	26/227	0.98 (0.52, 1.86)	85/834	1.59 (1.10, 2.29)	0.39	6/91	0.58 (0.16, 2.03)	25/214	2.61 (1.02, 6.63)	0.38

Abbreviations: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR, Odds Ratio.

Blood cadmium models were adjusted for age, age-squared, gender, race, education, body mass index and pack-years.

Urinary cadmium models were adjusted for urinary creatinine, age, age-squared, gender, race, education, body mass index and pack-years.