Table 3. Levels of Schistosoma-induced cytokine responses in 72 h whole blood cultures (n = 200).

Antigen	Species	Cytokine	Response (%)	Median Concentration in pg/ml (IQR)a		p-valueb
SEA c	S. mansoni
		IL-10	92.0	12.7	(5.2–32.4)	0.874
		IL-5	78.5	3.7	(1.0–19.0)	<0.001
		IFN-γ	67.5	3.4	(0.05–7.8)	0.729
		TNF-α	64.5	0.7	(0.03–2.2)	0.046
		IL-2	80.0	6.3	(2.0–18.8)	<0.001
	S. haematobium
		IL-10	90.5	13.1	(4.7–32.2)
		IL-5	77.0	5.2	(0.9–47.4)
		IFN-γ	63.0	4.2	(0.05–7.8)
		TNF-α	67.5	1.0	(0.03–4.3)
		IL-2	80.5	8.2	(2.1–54.7)
AWA d	S. mansoni
		IL-10	98.5	25.7	(13.2–48.2)	0.008
		IL-5	94.5	69.3	(11.8–201.2)	<0.001
		IFN-γ	74.5	5.4	(0.05–9.4)	0.002
		TNF-α	90.5	4.6	(1.2–10.9)	<0.001
		IL-2	98.0	60.3	(22.4–152.1)	<0.001
	S. haematobium
		IL-10	99.0	30.0	(17.0–50.4)
		IL-5	96.0	108.6	(25.9–237.9)
		IFN-γ	78.5	6.3	(1.7–12.1)
		TNF-α	96.5	6.0	(2.7–15.1)
		IL-2	98.0	99.5	(42.4–224.5)
None
		IL-10	59.5	1.7	(0.03–4.9)
		IL-5	57.0	0.9	(0.02–2.6)
		IFN-γ	58.0	2.2	(0.05–5.8)
		TNF-α	63.5	0.4	(0.03–1.5)
		IL-2	45.5	0.03	(0.03–2.9)

Blood samples from one individual were divided into five and stimulated with Schistosoma antigens (SEAm, SEAh, AWAm, or AWAh), and with medium only (negative control; see Materials and Methods).

^aCrude cytokine levels are reported. IQR: Interquartile range (Tukey's hinges).

^bWilcoxon Signed Rank test comparing S. mansoni- and S. haematobium-induced cytokine levels within individuals (either for SEA or AWA).

^c Schistosoma egg antigen.

^dAdult worm antigen.