Table 3. Clinical Trials to Study Effects of GI and GL on HDL-C, Performed in Asian Populations .

Authors	Nationality of subjects	Study design	Subjects studied	Results/conclusions
Choi et al [28]	Korea	The association between dietary carbohydrates and low HDL-C prevalence	A total of 9,947 Korean adults older than 20 years	Odds ratios for having low HDL-C in the highest quintile were 1.66 (95% CI, 1.24 - 2.22) for total carbohydrate, 1.34 (1.02 - 1.75) for percentage of energy from carbohydrate, and 1.54 (1.17 - 2.03) for GL in men as compared with the second quintile as a reference. Odds ratio for low HDL-C was 1.38 (1.12 - 1.71) for percentage of energy from carbohydrate in women.
Murakami et al [29]	Japan	The associations between dietary GI and GL and metabolic risk factors	1,354 Japanese female farmers aged 20 - 78 years from five regions of Japan	Dietary GL was independently negatively correlated with HDL-C (n = 1,354; P = 0.004)
Amano et al [30]	Japan	The associations between dietary GI, GL and CVD risk factors	A total of 32 women aged 52.5 ± 7.2 years participated in the weight-reduction program	In the lowest GI tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-C was observed (P < 0.01). In the lowest GL tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-C was observed (P < 0.05)

CI: confidence interval; CVD: cardiovascular disease; GI: glycemic index; GL: glycemic load; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.