Table 4.
Associations between high-protein foods and hip fracture incidence among 33 208* Caucasian males and females in multivariable Cox regression model†, Adventist Health Study-2, 2002–2007
| All participants (non-cases, n 32 903; cases, n 305) | Non-vegetarians‡ (non-cases, n 15 711; cases, n 120) | Vegetarians‡ (non-cases, n 17 116; cases, n 184) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | |||||||
| Legumes intake | ||||||||||||
| Less than once weekly | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||
| Once weekly to less than once daily | 0·49 | 0·34, 0·70 | 0·44 | 0·27, 0·72 | 0·55 | 0·31, 0·99 | ||||||
| Once daily or more | 0·34 | 0·20, 0·59 | 0·18 | 0·06, 0·54 | 0·45 | 0·22, 0·94 | ||||||
| P value§ | 0·0003 | 0·0008 | 0·11 | |||||||||
| Meat intake | 1·00 | Reference (none) | ||||||||||
| Less than once weekly | 1·00 | Reference | 0·84 | 0·50, 1·43 | ||||||||
| One to three times weekly | 1·11 | 0·82, 1·51 | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||||
| More than three times weekly | 0·63 | 0·42, 0·94 | 0·55 | 0·36, 0·83 | ||||||||
| P value§ | 0·01 | 0·004 | 0·52 | |||||||||
| Meat analogues intake | ||||||||||||
| Less than once weekly | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||
| Once weekly to less than once daily | 0·96 | 0·74, 1·24 | 1·08 | 0·71, 1·61 | 0·90 | 0·65, 1·26 | ||||||
| Once daily or more | 0·52 | 0·27, 1·00 | 0·80 | 0·34, 1·92 | 0·34 | 0·12, 0·95 | ||||||
| P value§ | 0·09 | 0·77 | 0·06 | |||||||||
| Dairy consumption | ||||||||||||
| Less than once weekly | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||
| Once weekly to less than once daily | 0·74 | 0·52, 1·04 | 0·42 | 0·18, 0·97 | 0·85 | 0·57, 1·26 | ||||||
| Once daily or more | 0·80 | 0·55, 1·18 | 0·51 | 0·22, 1·18 | 0·89 | 0·56, 1·42 | ||||||
| P value§ | 0·23 | 0·17 | 0·72 | |||||||||
| Nuts consumption | ||||||||||||
| Less than once weekly | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||
| Once weekly to less than once daily | 0·73 | 0·39, 1·34 | 0·64 | 0·30, 1·39 | 0·88 | 0·31, 2·49 | ||||||
| Once daily or more | 0·77 | 0·41, 1·44 | 0·89 | 0·40, 1·95 | 0·74 | 0·26, 2·10 | ||||||
| P value§ | 0·6 | 0·25 | 0·63 | |||||||||
| Grains consumption | ||||||||||||
| Less than once daily | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||
| Once daily to less than twice daily | 1·31 | 0·88, 1·95 | 1·46 | 0·83, 2·54 | 1·19 | 0·67, 2·12 | ||||||
| Twice daily or more | 0·79 | 0·52, 1·21 | 0·88 | 0·48, 1·61 | 0·71 | 0·39, 1·28 | ||||||
| P value§ | 0·002 | 0·07 | 0·02 | |||||||||
| Soya milk intake | ||||||||||||
| Less than once weekly | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||
| Once weekly to less than once daily | 0·93 | 0·66, 1·31 | 1·00 | 0·58, 1·75 | 0·90 | 0·58, 1·41 | ||||||
| Once daily or more | 1·04 | 0·76, 1·44 | 0·84 | 0·47, 1·53 | 1·13 | 0·76, 1·69 | ||||||
| P value§ | 0·81 | 0·84 | 0·54 | |||||||||
| Tofu, soya cheese intake | ||||||||||||
| Never | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | ||||||
| Less than once weekly | 1·02 | 0·70, 1·48 | 0·72 | 0·40, 1·31 | 1·30 | 0·78, 2·16 | ||||||
| Once weekly or more | 1·22 | 0·87, 1·69 | 1·27 | 0·77, 2·09 | 1·21 | 0·77, 1·91 | ||||||
| P value§ | 0·45 | 0·19 | 0·58 | |||||||||
HR, hazard ratio.
*
1736 individuals were excluded from the model due to censored or missing values.
†
All foods in the same model adjusted for fruits and vegetables intake, age, height, weight, gender, energy intake, physical activity, smoking, health status and total Ca intake.
‡
Seventy-seven individuals were not classified as vegetarians or non-vegetarians due to missing values.
§
P value of χ 2 difference of the likelihood ratio test between the full model (with all three foods) and the reduced model (without one of the three foods).