Table 1.
Unhappiness and mortality by cohort attributes, Thai Cohort Study
| Cohort attributes | % proportion (n = 60569) |
% reported unhappy* |
Bivariate odds ratio** [95% confidence intervals] for unhappiness by cohort attributes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive in 2012 | Dead (n=296) | |||
|
Overall cohort in 2009 |
|
5.2 (3068) |
8.1 (24) |
|
|
Sociodemographic attributes |
|
|
|
|
|
Age-sex groups:
|
|
|
|
|
| Males <40 years |
24.8 |
5.3 (1107) |
7.6 (9) |
Reference |
| Females <40 years |
33.9 |
5.3 (1554) |
10.5 (8) |
0.95 [0.86-1.05] |
| Males ≥40 years |
20.6 |
4.0 (226) |
6.3 (5) |
0.68 [0.57-0.81]*** |
| Females ≥40 years |
20.8 |
5.1 (181) |
4.8 (1) |
0.80 [0.66-0.98]*** |
|
Marital status:
|
|
|
|
|
| Married |
55.3 |
4.3 (1282) |
5.0 (7) |
Reference |
| Not married |
37.9 |
5.6 (1158) |
9.8 (9) |
1.35 [1.22-1.50]*** |
| Divorced/widowed |
6.8 |
8.7 (320) |
11.8 (4) |
2.34 [1.97-2.77]*** |
|
Household monthly income (Baht)
: |
|
|
|
|
| ≤10000 |
21.8 |
7.6 (962) |
9.0 (6) |
1.91 [1.68-2.16]*** |
| 10001-20000 |
24.3 |
5.0 (709) |
8.3 (6) |
1.40 [1.20-1.56]*** |
| 20001-30000 |
21.9 |
4.8 (606) |
5.6 (4) |
1.40 [1.23-1.61]*** |
| >30000 |
31.9 |
3.7 (690) |
9.7 (7) |
Reference |
|
Paid work:
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤10 hours per week |
31.4 |
5.9 (1062) |
4.2 (4) |
Reference |
| 10-40 hours per week |
33.9 |
4.5 (870) |
5.4 (5) |
0.90 [0.80-1.01] |
| >40 hours per week |
34.8 |
4.9 (973) |
15.1 (13) |
1.12 [0.99-1.24] |
|
Residence:
|
|
|
|
|
| Rural |
44.0 |
5.2 (1344) |
7.6 (10) |
Reference |
| Urban |
56.0 |
5.1 (1653) |
8.4 (13) |
0.99 [0.94-1.06] |
|
Health behaviours |
|
|
|
|
|
Smoking:
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
76.8 |
4.9 (2190) |
8.2 (14) |
Reference |
| Current |
8.9 |
7.2 (369) |
5.2 (3) |
1.89 [1.63-2.19]*** |
| Former |
14.3 |
5.2 (434) |
8.1 (5) |
1.22 [1.08-1.39]*** |
|
Alcohol drinking:
|
|
|
|
|
| None per week |
72.9 |
5.0 (2078) |
8.3 (16) |
|
| 1-2 sessions per week |
19.1 |
4.9 (534) |
9.1 (5) |
1.31 [1.16-1.48]*** |
| 3+ sessions per week |
8.0 |
6.3 (289) |
2.6 (1) |
1.60 [1.36-1.88]*** |
|
Physical activity:
|
|
|
|
|
| None per week |
22.5 |
5.7 (1850) |
6.2 (9) |
Reference |
| 1-2 times per week |
33.2 |
5.3 (1021) |
8.1 (6) |
0.71 [0.63-0.81]*** |
| 3-5 times per week |
32.6 |
4.2 (806) |
10.2 (11) |
0.41 [0.36-0.47]*** |
| >5 times per week |
11.7 |
5.0 (341) |
8.8 (3) |
0.37 [0.32-0.44]*** |
|
Health and social attributes |
|
|
|
|
|
Self-assessed health:
|
|
|
|
|
| Excellent/very good |
64.6 |
3.0 (1159) |
4.9 (9) |
Reference |
| Fair |
29.9 |
7.1 (1266) |
10.3 (9) |
5.7 [5.10-6.33]*** |
| Poor or very poor |
5.4 |
19.4 (627) |
23.1 (6) |
19.7 [0.42-0.56]*** |
|
Cardio-metabolic conditions:
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
81.1 |
5.1 (2349) |
7.5 (14) |
Reference |
| Yes |
18.9 |
5.2 (715) |
9.3 (10) |
1.13 [1.02-1.26]*** |
|
Social interaction:
|
|
|
|
|
| Every week |
17.0 |
3.0 (306) |
1.7 (1) |
Reference |
| 1–2 times/month |
64.8 |
4.5 (1645) |
8.2 (13) |
2.12 [1.55-2.44]*** |
| Rarely/never | 18.2 | 8.8 (903) | 15.8 (9) | 5.02 [4.28-5.88]*** |
*Unhappiness is classified in 2009 as those reporting happy ‘little’ or ‘none of the time’.
**Bivariate odds ratios are adjusted for age-sex categories for all variables and estimate effects of unhappiness.
***Statistical significance at p<0.05.