Table 3.
Classification of reproduction errors.
| Error type and description | Example |
|---|---|
| OMISSION AS ONE TYPE OF ERROR | |
| Target sign is omitted | Stimulus: MOTORCYLE CL: vehicle-spin HIT TREE |
| Response: MOTORCYCLE HIT TREE | |
| MORPHOLOGICAL TYPE OF ERROR | |
| Bound inflectional morphology is replaced, resulting in simplified sign (morphological omission) | Stimulus: MY DOG CONTINUE+++ BARK |
| Response: MY DOG CONTINUE BARK (no reduplication for continuous aspect) | |
| Re-interpretation of classifier structure such that response has similar form but different meaning | Stimulus: INDEX-first LIKE GO BIKE PATH CL: trees-go-by |
| Response: INDEX-first LIKE GO BIKE PATH CL: wind-in-air | |
| Merge two signs into one form | Stimulus: MOTORCYLE CL: vehicle-spin HIT TREE |
| Response: MOTORCYCLE CL: vehicle-spin CL: vehicle-hit-tree | |
| LEXICAL TYPE OF ERROR | |
| The target sign is replaced by a different lexical form (lexical substitution) | Stimulus: MOTORCYCLE CL: vehicle-spin HIT TREE |
| Response: MAN CL: vehicle-spin HIT TREE | |
| Sign not present in the stimulus item is added (lexical commission) | Stimulus: MOTORCYCLE CL: vehicle-spin HIT TREE |
| Response: MOTORCYCLE CL: vehicle-spin HIT TREE CL: person-fall-from-vehicle | |
| PHONOLOGICAL TYPE OF ERROR | |
| Response sign is misarticulated in form, thus recognized as different from the target sign (misarticulation) | Stimulus: MOTORCYCLE SPIN(base hand palm-down) HIT TREE Subject Error: MOTORCYCLE SPIN(base hand palm-up) HIT TREE |
| Sign is replaced with one that was morphologically/lexically related (morpho-phonemic substitution) | Stimulus: MY DOG CONTINUE+++ BARK |
| Response: MY DOG CONTINUE+++ BITE | |
| SYNTACTIC TYPE OF ERROR | |
| Sequence of signs is reordered (word displacement) | Stimulus: INDEX-first LIKE GO BIKE PATH CL: trees-go-by |
| Response: INDEX-first LIKE GO CL: trees-go-by BIKE PATH | |
| A sign is repeated at a different location in the sentence | Stimulus: INDEX-first LIKE GO BIKE PATH CL: trees-go-by |
| Response: INDEX-first LIKE GO BIKE PATH CL: trees-go-by BIKE | |
| OTHER RESPONSE ERROR TYPES | |
| Rough approximation of form and movement of target sign (visuo-motoric mimicry) | Overall response has a meaningless non-sign approximating the phonology of the target sign at a particular sentence location |
| Miscomprehension: Response indicates that subject does not understand concepts in stimulus | Stimulus: MOTORCYCLE SPIN HIT TREE |
| Response: MOTORCYCLE RIDE SEE TREE | |