Table 1. Summary of smoking adjustment factors (SAF) and the population attributable fraction (PAF) due to smoking for the major causes of deaths to the lungs.

Causes of death	OR (95% CI for ever	Population	Smoking adjustment	factors (SAF)d
	smokersa	attributable fraction	Never smokers	Ever smokers
Lung cancer	4.99 (4.00–6.22)	0.672	3.05	0.61
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases	3.68 (2.58–5.26)	0.579	2.37	0.65
Silicosisb	1.80 (1.20–2.60)	0.294	1.42	0.78
Pulmonary heart diseasec	1.78 (1.36–2.33)	0.286	1.40	0.79
Pulmonary tuberculosis	2.54 (1.24–5.22)	0.441	1.79	0.70

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio (ever smoking vs. never smokers); 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

^aAll the odds ratios other than silicosis for smoking (ever vs. never smoking) was obtained from a case-control study of all adult deaths in Hong Kong [17].

^bWe assumed Hong Kong male smokers having the same risk of silicosis as those of Italy ceramic workers; however, we had to use the incidence OR for silicosis (smoking vs. never smoking) to represent the mortality OR, as we do not have relevant mortality data in Hong Kong [18].

^cThe odds ratio of other vascular disease was used to estimate the SAF-corrected SMR for pulmonary heart disease [17].

^dThe SAF for smoking silicotics was numerically equal to 1/[(1-PAR%)RR] and that for nonsmoking silicotics was 1/(1-PAR%) (detailed calculations were illustrated in Supplement S1).