Table 1.

Complications of BKV infection other than hemorrhagic cystitis (43–55)

Complication (reference)	Evidence of BKV infection or disease (reference)
Dysuria, hematuria, urgency/frequency, flank pain, bladder spasms (51)Obstructive nephropathy (46)	BKV urine PCR +
Renal tubulointerstitial disease (47, 48, 50, 53, 54)	IHC and/or EM +
	BK viruria
	BK viremia in 4 patients (48, 50, 53)
Encephalitis (44, 45, 49)	BKV CSF PCR +
	BKV PCR brain tissue + (49)
	No histopathology (44, 45)
	No brain tissue staining
Pneumonia (43, 55)	SV40 lung tissue stain +
	viral intranuclear inclusions (43)
	lung tissue cell culture BKV + (55)
	lung tissue BKV PCR + (55)
Pneumonitis (52)	BAL fluid with cells resembling decoy cells
	IHC +

BKV, BK virus; ICH, immunohistochemistry; EM, electron micrograph; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage.