Table 1.
Biomarkers proposed for environmental risk assessment.
| Name of biomarker | Reference |
|---|---|
| Esterases | [130] |
| Polytene chromosomes of chironomids (Diptera) | [131] |
| HSP60, HSP70, alpha B-crystallin homologue, lipid peroxide, total glutathione level, ubiquitin, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase, metallothionein, and cytochrome P450 2E homologue | [93, 122, 123] |
| Numbers of macrophages in liver tissue, changes in various blood parameters | [105] |
| Histological and ultrastructural markers, lysosomal membrane stability of coelomocytes, histidine | [51, 132] |
| Catalase activity | [78] |
| Metabonomics analysis using NMR techniques | [133] |
| P-glycoprotein, major vault protein, topoisomerase-II | [103] |
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and imposex | [134] |
| Digestive enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, and cellular energy allocation | [124] |
| Apoptosis in marine sponges and spiders | [135, 136] |