Table 2. Clinical Characteristics of Offspring with Maternal versus Paternal PTSD.

	No Parental PTSD (n=31)		Paternal PTSD (n=11)		Maternal PTSD (n=22)		Both parents PTSD (n=31)		Analysis
									Maternal PTSD			Paternal PTSD			Maternal PTSD x Paternal PTSD
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	F	df	p	F	df	p	F	df	p
Depressiona	7.9	7.67	10.6	7.63	12.7	7.67	13.4	7.79	5.00	91	.028	.92	91	ns	.35	91	ns
Childhood traumab	6.9	2.19	9.1	2.32	7.6	2.40	9.3	2.23	.71	90	ns	13.87	90	.000	.256	90	ns
Dissociationc
Absorption	5.6	7.12	8.6	7.30	6.2	7.67	11.4	7.24	1.05	89	ns	2.86	89	.095	.40	89	ns
Amnesia	1.4	3.29	1.8	3.65	1.5	3.84	3.8	3.34	1.63	89	ns	6.10	89	.015	1.31	89	ns
Derealization/Depersonalization	.9	4.93	2.3	5.31	1.7	5.28	4.0	5.01	1.18	89	ns	2.44	89	ns	.15	89	ns
Dissociation	1.6	5.48	3.6	5.31	2.5	5.75	5.2	5.57	1.07	89	ns	3.80	89	.055	.08	89	ns
Perceived emotional health	3.7	1.10	3.5	.99	3.1	.96	3.1	1.11	4.71	91	.033	.19	91	ns	.07	91	ns
PPQd
Psychological scarse	2.4	1.64	3.7	1.33	3.8	1.44	4.2	1.11	7.94	75	006	7.15	75	.009	2.0,	75	ns
Sensitivity to violence/injusticef	3.4	1.64	3.7	.99	3.8	.96	4.3	1.11	3.57	75	.063	2.38	75	ns	.19	75	ns
Sensitivity to stressg	2.4	2.19	3.3	1.66	2.8	1.44	3.3	1.67	.39	75	ns	3.98	75	.050	.21	75	ns
Vicarious traumah	2.9	1.64	3.7	1.33	3.6	1.44	4.2	1.11	3.78	75	.056	5.01	75	.028	.27	75	ns
RSQi
Dismissing attachment	3.1	0.55	3.6	.66	3.1	.48	3.7	.56	.068	89	ns	11.27	89	.001	.08	89	ns
Fearful attachment	2.6	1.10	3.5	.99	2.9	.96	3.5	1.11	.347	89	ns	10.29	89	.002	.62	89	ns
Secure attachment	3.4	0.55	2.8	.66	3.1	.96	2.8	.56	.80	89	ns	8.17	89	.005	.19	89	ns
Preoccupied attachment	2.8	0.55	2.7	.66	2.9	.96	3.0	.56	1.56	89	ns	.10	89	ns	.66	89	ns
Anxietyj
State anxiety	14.0	11.50	21.3	1.13	21.2	11.99	18.4	11.14	.73	89	ns	.74	89	ns	3.88	89	.052
Trait anxiety	17.0	11.50	21.7	1.16	23.6	11.99	26.9	11.69	5.13	89	.026	2.38	89	ns	.07	89	ns

Analyses represent 2×2 ANOVA of maternal and paternal PTSD on clinical outcomes, with statistics for main effects and the interaction term reported.

^aBeck Depression Inventory

^bChildhood Trauma Questionnaire total score

^cDissociative Experiences Scale (DES)

^dParental PTSD Questionnaire (PPQ);

^ePPQ item: “I believe that I have psychological scars as a result of the fact that I was raised by parent(s) that survived the Holocaust”

^fPPQ item: “I believe that I am more sensitive to violence and injustice because of my parents’ experiences in the Holocaust”

^gPPQ item: “I believe that I am more likely to be affected by stress than other individuals my age (who were not raised by Holocaust survivors)”

^hPPQ item: “Although I did not directly undergo the Holocaust, I have vicariously experienced and have been deeply troubled by the trauma of the Holocaust”

ⁱRelationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ)

^jSpielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)