TABLE 2.
Unadjusted Association of Patient Characteristics With Use of ICP Monitors and With Craniotomy/Craniectomya
| Variable | ICP % n = 7140 |
RR | 95% CI (Low) |
95% CI (High) |
CRANI % n = 7140 |
RR | 95% CI (Low) |
95% CI (High) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 27.4 | 11.7 | ||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| Under 1 y | 20.4 | 1.00 | — | — | 11.2 | 1.00 | — | — |
| 1 to <5 y | 29.5 | 1.44 | 1.20 | 1.73 | 13.6 | 1.22 | 0.93 | 1.59 |
| 5 to <13 y | 27.0 | 1.32 | 1.11 | 1.58 | 11.4 | 1.02 | 0.79 | 1.33 |
| 13 to <18 y | 28.0 | 1.37 | 1.16 | 1.62 | 11.1 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 1.28 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 28.7 | 1.00 | — | — | 10.3 | 1.00 | — | — |
| Male | 26.7 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 12.4 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.38 |
| Insurance | ||||||||
| Government | 26.5 | 1.00 | — | — | 12.2 | 1.00 | — | — |
| Private insurance | 26.4 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 11.1 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 1.08 |
| Self-pay | 23.1 | 0.87 | 0.74 | 1.03 | 9.6 | 0.78 | 0.59 | 1.03 |
| Other | 30.9 | 1.17 | 1.04 | 1.31 | 12.6 | 1.03 | 0.85 | 1.25 |
| Missing | 29.5 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 1.25 | 11.9 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 1.19 |
| Inflicted | ||||||||
| No | 27.7 | 1.00 | — | — | 11.5 | 1.00 | — | — |
| Yes | 25.2 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 1.04 | 13.3 | 1.16 | 0.96 | 1.41 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage (EDH, SDH, SAH) | ||||||||
| No | 20.3 | 1.00 | — | — | 4.6 | 1.00 | — | — |
| Yes | 31.2 | 1.54 | 1.41 | 1.68 | 15.4 | 3.37 | 2.78 | 4.08 |
| Head AIS | ||||||||
| 3 | 22.6 | 1.00 | — | — | 9.4 | 1.00 | — | — |
| 4 | 30.5 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 1.48 | 13.6 | 1.45 | 1.26 | 1.68 |
| 5 or 6 | 29.4 | 1.31 | 1.16 | 1.47 | 10.9 | 1.16 | 0.94 | 1.44 |
| Injury severity (ISS) | ||||||||
| <15 | 18.9 | 1.00 | — | — | 9.8 | 1.00 | — | — |
| ≥15 | 29.4 | 1.55 | 1.38 | 1.75 | 12.1 | 1.23 | 1.04 | 1.47 |
| Hospital trauma designation | ||||||||
| Adult I/II only | 27.9 | 1.00 | — | — | 11.3 | 1.00 | — | — |
| Adult and Ped I/II | 25.7 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 10.7 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 1.10 |
| Ped I/II only | 26.8 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 1.16 | 15.0 | 1.33 | 1.00 | 1.77 |
| NTC or both adult and ped | 24.3 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 1.07 | 15.7 | 1.39 | 1.05 | 1.84 |
| Missing | 33.0 | 1.18 | 1.06 | 1.32 | 13.3 | 1.18 | 0.97 | 1.44 |
| Hospital volume of TBIj patients | ||||||||
| 10-13 | 27.3 | 1.00 | — | — | 13.8 | 1.00 | — | — |
| 14-19 | 25.6 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 1.06 | 11.0 | 0.80 | 0.66 | 0.96 |
| ≥20 | 28.4 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 1.15 | 11.3 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.97 |
| Hospital region | ||||||||
| Northeast | 32.4 | 1.00 | — | — | 14.7 | 1.00 | — | — |
| South | 24.1 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.83 | 10.3 | 0.70 | 0.58 | 0.84 |
| West | 24.4 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.87 | 10.5 | 0.72 | 0.56 | 0.91 |
| Midwest | 31.6 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 1.10 | 12.0 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 1.00 |
| Missing | 27.7 | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.97 | 12.5 | 0.85 | 0.69 | 1.05 |
a
ICP, intracranial pressure; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; CRANI, craniotomy/craniectomy; EDH, epidural hematoma; SDH, subdural hematoma; SAH, subarachnoid hematoma; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Score; NTC, nontrauma center; TBI, traumatic brain injury.