Inhibition of Complex I (intramitochondrial production of ROS) does not lead to Grx2 activation. Isolated intact heart mitochondria from (A) young adult and (B) elderly rats were incubated with glutamate (20 mM) in the absence (white bar) or presence (black bar) of rotenone (7.5 μM) for 25 min. The treated mitochondria were lysed in RIPA buffer with either GSH (1 mM, bar design) or sodium dithionite (10 mM, DT, diagonal bar). Grx2 activity in each sample was then determined, reported as nmol/min/mg of mitochondrial protein (mean±SEM, n=3–5).