Table 5.
Variants of tumor necrosis factor-α gene and their association with type 2 diabetes and related complications in different populations
| Gene variation (SNPs) | Diseases | Population- Ethnic groups | Association | Ref. |
| G-308A | T2DM | Tarragona | S | [120] |
| T2DM | Taiwanese | S | [121] | |
| T2DM | Croatian Caucasians | S | [122] | |
| T2DM and peridontitis | Chinese | S | [123] | |
| T2DM, MS and Obesity | Indian | S | [124] | |
| T2DM | Mexican | S | [125] | |
| Glucose metabolism | Brazilian | S | [126] | |
| T2DM | Japanese | NS | [127] | |
| T2DM | Mexican | NS | [128] | |
| T2DM | Chinese | NS | [129] | |
| T2DM | Greek | NS | [130] | |
| atherosclerotic diabetic | Hungarian | S | [131] | |
| T2DM | Indian | S | [81] | |
| T2DM | United Kingdom/Irish | NS | [132] | |
| T2DM | Finnish | S | [82] | |
| sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 | Glucose metabolism | Hungarian | NS | [133] |
| C-857T | IR and T2DM | Japanese | S | [134] |
S: Significant; NS: Non-significant; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; MS: Metabolic syndrome; TNFR1: Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.