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. 2014 Sep;143(3):305–315. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.009

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Fig. 1 — The SDF-1–CXCR4 signalling axis. Remote preconditioning may enable both acute and chronic cardioprotective pathways (see text for details). SDF-1α, stromal derived factor-1α; HIF-1α, hypoxic inducible factor-1α; ADRCs, adipose tissue derived regenerative cells; BMSCs, bone marrow stem cells (including mesenchymal stem cells, hamatopoietic stem cells and endothelial stem cells); ECSCs, endogenous cardiac stem cells; JAK, Janus kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 kinase; MEK1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; mPKC, mitochondrial protein kinase C; mK_ATP, mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore.