. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Schizophr Res. 2013 Dec 28;152(0):490–497. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.002

Table 3.

Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of ED visits based on logistic regression model among patients with schizophrenia and diabetes.

	Diabetes-related ED visits		Mental health-related ED visits		All other cause ED visits
	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age group (reference group = 45–64 years old)
45–64 years	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
18–29 years	1.13 (0.99,1.30)	1.19 (1.04,1.37)^a	2.13 (1.91,2.38)^a	2.42 (2.15,2.73)^a	1.38 (1.20,1.59)^a	1.71 (1.47,1.98)^a
30–44 years	1.16 (1.07,1.25)^a	1.22 (1.12,1.32)^a	1.58 (1.47,1.69)^a	1.73 (1.61,1.86)^a	1.18 (1.10,1.27)^a	1.37 (1.27,1.49)^a
Race/ethnicity(reference group = White)
White	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Black	1.25 (1.16,1.35)^a	1.37 (1.27,1.49)^a	0.78 ( 0.73, 0.83)^a	0.87 (0.81,0.93)^a	0.90 (0.84,0.97)^a	1.08 (1.00,1.17)
Hispanic	0.70 (0.61,0.80)^a	0.70 (0.61,0.81 )^a	0.54 (0.48, 0.61)^a	0.55 (0.49, 0.62)^a	0.64 (0.57,0.71)^a	0.58 (0.52, 0.65)^a
Asian	0.86 (0.52,1.42)	1.03 (0.62,1.71)	0.66 (0.43,1.02)	0.80 (0.50,1.26)^a	0.43 (0.30,0.62)^a	0.53 (0.36, 0.80)^a
Other	1.05 (0.92,1.20)	1.13 (0.99, 1.30)	0.61 (0.53, 0.69)^a	0.67 (0.59, 0.77)^a	0.77 (0.69,0.87)^a	0.84 (0.73, 0.95)^a
Gender(reference group = Male)
Male	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Female	1.06 (0.99,1.14)	1.00 (0.93,1.07)	1.08(1.01,1.15)^a	1.04 (0.97,1.12)	1.64 (1.53,1.75)^a	1.58 (1.47,1.70)^a
Rural/urban status(reference group = Rural Area)
<250 000 rural area	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
> 1 million metro area	1.13 (1.04,1.23)^a	1.03 (0.94,1.12)	1.32 (1.22,1.42)^a	1.24 (1.15,1.34)^a	1.14 (1.06,1.24)^a	1.08 (0.99,1.18)
250 000–1 million small metro area	1.07 (0.99,1.16)	1.06 (0.98,1.15)	1.09 (1.02,1.18)^a	1.15 (1.07,1.24)^a	1.05 (0.97,1.23)	1.12(1.03,1.21)
Treatment (reference group = typical antipsychotics)
Typical antipsychotics	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Atypical antipsychotics	0.97 (0.85,1.01)	0.89 (0.77,1.02)	1.59 (1.39,1.83)^a	1.25 (1.08,1.45)^a	1.42 (1.27,1.58)^a	1.14 (1.01,1.28)^a
Both	1.20 (1.04,1.38)^a	0.99 (0.85,1.14)^a	3.50 (3.04,4.04)^a	2.54 (2.19, 2.95)^a	2.31 (2.04,2.61)^a	1.59 (1.39,1.81 )^a
None	1.23 (1.04,1.46)^a	1.12 (0.94, 1.32)	1.29 (1.08,1.54)^a	1.00 (0.83,1.20)	1.83 (1.57,2.13)^a	1.53 (1.29,1.80)^a
Elixhauser comorbidity index (reference group = 0)
0	1.00		1.00		1.00
1–3	1.78 (1.58,2.01)^a	1.83 (1.62,2.07)^a	2.24 (1.99, 2.52)^a	2.17 (1.93,2.45)^a	2.55 (2.33,2.78)^a	2.54 (2.32, 2.78)^a
4–5	1.89 (1.63,2.19)^a	1.97 (1.69,2.29)^a	3.13 (2.73, 3.59)^a	3.10 (2.70, 3.57)^a	4.13 (3.61,4.72)^a	4.23 (3.69,4.85)^a
6–8	2.14(1.86,2.47)^a	2.29 (1.98,2.64)^a	3.73 (3.28,4.25)^a	3.74 (3.27,4.27)^a	4.78 (4.18,5.47)^a	4.95 (4.31,5.68)^a
≥9	3.09 (2.79,3.41)^a	3.31 (2.99,3.66)^a	6.06 (5.50, 6.68)^a	6.09 (5.51,6.73)^a	9.53 (8.66,10.49)^a	9.78 (8.86,10.78)^a

p < 0.05.