Table 2.
Preimplementation and postimplementation values of measured end points, in medians and proportions
| Variable | Overall, n=164 |
Male, n=42 |
Female, n=122 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median values, (binomial interpolation of CIs/IQR) |
p Value Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change | Median values, (binomial interpolation of CIs/IQR) |
p Value Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change | Median values, (binomial interpolation of CIs/IQR) |
p Value Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change | ||||
| Before implementation | After implementation | Mean change | Before implementation | After implementation | Mean change | Before implementation | After implementation | Mean change | ||||
| HbA1c, % mmol/mol |
7.7 (7.2 to 8.2/6.5–10.4) 61 (55 to 56/48–90) |
6.9 (6.8 to 7.5/6.2–9.3) 52 (51 to 58/44–78) |
<0.001 | −0.49 −5.4 |
7.5 (6.7 to 8.7/6.3–10.7) 58 (50 to 72/45–93) |
6.8 (6.2 to 7.7/6.1–8.7) 51 (44 to 61/43–72) |
0.001 | −0.92 −10.1 |
7.8 (7.2 to 8.5/6.5–10.4) 62 (55 to 69/48–90) |
7.2 (6.8 to 8.0/6.3–9.5) 55 (51 to 64/45–80) |
0.057 | −0.34 −3.7 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 (23.1 to 24.1/21.8–26.1) |
23.3 (22.6 to 23.8/ 21.2–25.6) |
0.075 | −0.40 | 23.8 (22.8 to 24.7/22.0–25.8) |
23.6 (21.9 to 24.7/21.2–25.1) |
0.395 | −0.37 | 23.6 (23.0 to 24.0/21.6–26.2) |
23.2 (22.4 to 24.1/21.0–25.7) |
0.122 | −0.41 |
| Waist circumference, in cm | 85.0 (83.9 to 86.4/81.0–91.2) |
83.0 (82.0 to 85.0/79.0–89.0) |
0.007 | −1.37 | 89.0 (84.3 to 91.5/81.0–94) |
80.0 (83.0 to 89.9/81.0–94.0) |
0.026 | −2.09 | 84.0 (82.8 to 85.2/80.0–88.9) |
82.8 (81.0 to 85.0/78.7–88.0) |
0.054 | −1.13 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.90 (0.89 to 0.91/0.87–0.95) |
0.89 (0.88 to 0.90/0.85–0.92) |
<0.001 | −0.02 | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.95/0.89–0.96) |
0.91 (0.88 to 0.93/0.87–0.95) |
0.025 | −0.03 | 0.90 (0.88 to 0.91/0.86–0.93) |
0.88 (0.87 to 0.90/0.85 to 0.92) |
0.001 | −0.20 |
| Knowledge, % correct answers | 60.0 (60.0 to 65.0/50.0–75.0) |
67.5 (65.0 to 70.0/60.0–75.0) |
<0.001 | +7.59 | 50.0 (50.0 to 64.3/45.0–70.0) |
65.0 (60.0 to 70.0/60.0–75.0) |
0.006 | +9.52 | 62.5 (60.0 to 65.0/50.0–75.0) |
70.0 (65.0 to 70.0/60.0–75.0) |
<0.001 | +6.93 |
| Perceived fear of diabetes | 4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/2.0–4.0) |
4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
<0.001 | +0.46 | 2.0 (2.0 to 4.0/1.0–4.0) |
4.0 (3.0 to 4.0/2.0–5.0) |
0.003 | +0.81 | 4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/2.4–4.0) |
4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
0.018 | +0.34 |
| Positive attitude | 3.4 (3.2 to 3.4/2–8–3.9) |
3.4 (3.2 to 3.6/3.0–4.0) |
0.071 | +0.14 | 3.2 (2.8 to 3.4/2.6–3.6) |
3.5 (3.2 to 4.0/3.2–4.0) |
0.025 | +0.36 | 3.4 (3.2 to 3.6/2.8–4.0) |
3.4 (3.2 to 3.6/3.0–3.8) |
0.479 | +0.07 |
| Negative attitude | 3.0 (2.8 to 3.4/2.2–4.0) |
3.2 (3.0 to 3.4/2.6–3.8) |
0.115 | +0.15 | 2.4 (2.0 to 2.8/1.8–3.6) |
3.0 (2.8 to 3.2/2.6–3.6) |
0.027 | +0.42 | 3.2 (2.8 to 3.6/2.4–4.0) |
3.2 (3.0 to 3.5/2.6–3.8) |
0.631 | +0.06 |
| Attitude towards self-care adherence | 3.2 (3.0 to 3.5/2.8–3.8) |
3.5 (3.2 to 3.5/3.0–4.0) |
0.139 | +0.13 | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.2/2.8–3.5) |
3.4 (3.0 to 3.5/2.8–4.0) |
0.087 | +0.28 | 3.2 (3.2 to 3.5/2.0–5.0) |
3.5 (3.3 to 3.5/3.0–4.0) |
0.454 | +0.08 |
| Perceived ability to control blood glucose | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
0.036 | +0.24 | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0/3.0–4.0) |
4.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
0.016 | +0.43 | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/2.8–4.0) |
3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
0.0279 | +0.17 |
| Perceived ability to control weight | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
0.349 | +0.12 | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
3.5 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
0.289 | +0.021 | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
0.649 | +0.08 |
| Perceived ability to adhere to diet and exercise regimens | 4.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
0.022 | +0.26 | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
4.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
0.071 | +0.35 | 4.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
0.107 | +0.23 |
| Perceived ability to handle feelings about diabetes | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.5) |
0.653 | −0.01 | 4.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
3.5 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–5.0) |
0.592 | +0.17 | 3.0 (3.0 to 4.0/3.0–4.0) |
3.0 (3.0 to 3.3/3.0–4.0) |
0.391 | −0.07 |
| Perceived support needs | 5.0 (4.8 to 5.0/4.2–5) |
4.8 (4.2 to 5.0/4.0–5.0) |
0.193 | +0.02 | 5.0 (4.7 to 5.0/4.3–5.0) |
4.2 (4.0 to 5.0/4.0–5.0) |
0.125 | −0.13 | 5.0 (4.8 to 5.0/4.2–5.0) |
5.0 (4.3 to 5.0/4.0–5.0) |
0.593 | +0.007 |
| Perceived support received from family and friends | 5.0 (5.0 to 5.0/4.0–5.0) |
4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/3.8–4.8) |
<0.001 | −0.39 | 5.0 (4.9 to 5.0/4.0–5.0) |
4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/3.8–4.3) |
0.002 | −0.52 | 5.0 (4.8 to 5.0/4.0–5.0) |
4.0 (4.0 to 4.0/3.8–5.0) |
<0.001 | −0.34 |
| N (proportion, %) |
Test of proportions | Change n (%) |
N (proportion, %) |
Test of proportions | Change n (%) |
N (proportion, %) |
Test of pro portions | Change n (%) |
||||
| Proportion adherent to medications | 108 (65.9) |
134 (81.7) |
0.001 | +26 (+15.8) | 30 (71.4) |
34 (81.0) |
0.306 | +4 (+9.6) | 78 (63.9) |
100 (82.0) |
0.001 | +22 (+18.1) |
| Proportion adherent to exercise regimen | 68 (41.5) |
110 (67.1) |
<0.001 | +42 (+25.6) | 25 (59.5) |
27 (64.3) |
0.653 | +2 (+4.8) | 43 (35.2) |
83 (68.0) |
<0.001 | +40 (+38.2) |
| Proportion adherent to prescribed diet | 99 (60.4) |
66 (40.2) |
<0.001 | −33 (−20.2) | 19 (45.2) |
14 (33.3) |
0.264 | −5 (−11.9) | 80 (65.6) |
52 (42.6) |
<0.001 | −28 (−23.0) |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin.