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. 2014 Aug 9;4(8):e005317. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005317

Table 6.

Preimplementation and postimplementation median values of HbA1c, anthropometric measurements, diabetes knowledge, attitudes and perceptions, and proportions of self-care practices stratified according to ‘increased HbA1c’ and ‘decreased or unchanged HbA1c’ and according to gender

Increased HbA1c, n=52
Decreased/unchanged HbA1c, n=112
Male, n=8
Female, n=44
Male, n=34
Female, n=78
Median
p Value Median
p Value Median
p Value Median
p Value
Change in A1c Gender Pre Post Wilcoxon signed-rank test Change Mean change Pre Post Wilcoxon signed-rank test Change Mean change Pre Post Wilcoxon signed-rank test Change Mean change Pre Post Wilcoxon signed-rank test Change Mean change
HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) 6.3 (50) 8.5 (69) 0.012 +1.51 (+16.5) 7.7 (61) 9.2 (77) <0.001 +1.16 (+12.7) 7.7 (61) 6.6 (49) <0.001 −1.49 (−16.3) 8.1 (65) 6.8 (51) <0.001 −1.18 (−12.9)
BMI, kg/m2 24.6 23.7 0.124 −1.10 24.5 23.0 0.401 −0.66 23.7 23.5 0.986 −0.20 23.4 23.3 0.234 −0.27
Waist circumference, cm 90.2 87.0 0.014 −4.60 84.5 82.0 0.063 −1.91 87.8 86.0 0.188 −1.50 84.0 83.0 0.284 −0.69
WHR 0.95 0.94 0.069 −0.03 0.90 0.88 0.093 −0.11 0.92 0.90 0.106 −0.04 0.90 0.89 0.006 −0.02
Knowledge test rating, % 62.5 60.0 1.00 +3.75 65.0 65.0 0.021 +4.32 55.0 65.0 0.001 +10.88 60.0 70.0 <0.001 +8.40
Perceived fear of diabetes 2.0 3.0 0.107 +1.0 4.0 4.0 0.013 +0.64 2.0 4.0 0.010 +0.76 4.0 4.0 0.311 +0.18
Positive attitude 3.4 3.2 0.725 +0.03 3.2 3.2 0.365 +0.20 3.2 3.8 0.008 +0.44 3.5 3.4 0.842 −0.01
Negative attitude 2.5 2.6 0.726 −0.13 3.0 3.2 0.315 +0.29 2.4 3.2 0.009 +0.55 3.2 3.1 0.893 −0.07
Attitude towards self-care adherence 3.0 2.8 0.831 −0.09 3.2 3.5 0.902 +0.07 3.0 3.5 0.092 +0.37 3.4 3.4 0.420 +0.09
Perceived ability to control blood glucose 3.5 3.0 0.879 −0.12 3.0 3.0 0.547 −0.07 3.0 4.0 0.007 +0.56 3.0 4.0 0.080 +0.31
Perceived ability to control weight 3.5 3.0 0.879 −0.25 3.0 4.0 0.260 +0.25 3.0 4.0 0.198 +0.32 3.0 3.0 0.773 -0.01
Perceived ability to adhere to diet and exercise regimens 3.0 3.0 0.162 +0.50 4.0 4.0 0.263 +0.27 3.0 4.0 0.161 +0.32 4.0 4.0 0.241 +0.21
Perceived ability to handle feelings about diabetes 3.5 3.0 0.611 −0.12 3.5 3.0 0.406 −0.18 4.0 4.0 0.449 +0.24 3.0 3.0 0.694 0
Perceived support needs 5.0 4.7 0.320 −0.29 4.8 5.0 0.716 +0.24 5.0 4.0 0.192 −0.09 5.0 4.9 0.352 −0.02
Perceived support received 5.0 3.8 0.161 −0.85 4.8 4.0 0.172 −0.14 5.0 4.0 0.012 −0.45 5.0 4.0 <0.001 −0.45

N (proportion, %)
Test of proportions Change
n (%)
N (proportion, %)
Test of proportions Change
n (%)
N (proportion, %)
Test of proportions Change
n (%)
N (proportion, %)
Test of proportions Change
n (%)

Adherence to medications 5 (62.5) 7 (87.5) 0.248 +2 (+25.0) 33 (75.0) 35 (79.6) 0.611 +2 (+4.6) 25 (73.5) 27 (79.4) 0.568 +2 (+5.9) 45 (57.7) 65 (83.3) <0.001 +20 (+25.6)
Adherence to exercise regimen 5 (62.5) 5 (62.5) 1.00 0 14 (31.8) 28 (63.6) 0.003 +14 (+31.8) 20 (58.8) 22 (64.7) 0.618 +2 (+5.9) 29 (37.2) 55 (70.5) <0.001 +26 (+33.3)
Adherence to diabetes diet 4 (50.0) 2 (25.0) 0.302 −2 (−25.0) 33 (75.0) 22 (50.0) 0.015 −11 (−25.0) 15 (44.0) 12 (35.3) 0.457 −3 (−8.7) 47 (60.3) 30 (38.5) 0.006 −17 (−21.8)