Table 6.
Preimplementation and postimplementation median values of HbA1c, anthropometric measurements, diabetes knowledge, attitudes and perceptions, and proportions of self-care practices stratified according to ‘increased HbA1c’ and ‘decreased or unchanged HbA1c’ and according to gender
| Increased HbA1c, n=52 |
Decreased/unchanged HbA1c, n=112 |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n=8 |
Female, n=44 |
Male, n=34 |
Female, n=78 |
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| Median |
p Value | Median |
p Value | Median |
p Value | Median |
p Value | |||||||||
| Change in A1c Gender | Pre | Post | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change Mean change | Pre | Post | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change Mean change | Pre | Post | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change Mean change | Pre | Post | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Change Mean change |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 6.3 (50) | 8.5 (69) | 0.012 | +1.51 (+16.5) | 7.7 (61) | 9.2 (77) | <0.001 | +1.16 (+12.7) | 7.7 (61) | 6.6 (49) | <0.001 | −1.49 (−16.3) | 8.1 (65) | 6.8 (51) | <0.001 | −1.18 (−12.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 | 23.7 | 0.124 | −1.10 | 24.5 | 23.0 | 0.401 | −0.66 | 23.7 | 23.5 | 0.986 | −0.20 | 23.4 | 23.3 | 0.234 | −0.27 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90.2 | 87.0 | 0.014 | −4.60 | 84.5 | 82.0 | 0.063 | −1.91 | 87.8 | 86.0 | 0.188 | −1.50 | 84.0 | 83.0 | 0.284 | −0.69 |
| WHR | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.069 | −0.03 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.093 | −0.11 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.106 | −0.04 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.006 | −0.02 |
| Knowledge test rating, % | 62.5 | 60.0 | 1.00 | +3.75 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 0.021 | +4.32 | 55.0 | 65.0 | 0.001 | +10.88 | 60.0 | 70.0 | <0.001 | +8.40 |
| Perceived fear of diabetes | 2.0 | 3.0 | 0.107 | +1.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.013 | +0.64 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 0.010 | +0.76 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.311 | +0.18 |
| Positive attitude | 3.4 | 3.2 | 0.725 | +0.03 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 0.365 | +0.20 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 0.008 | +0.44 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.842 | −0.01 |
| Negative attitude | 2.5 | 2.6 | 0.726 | −0.13 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 0.315 | +0.29 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 0.009 | +0.55 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.893 | −0.07 |
| Attitude towards self-care adherence | 3.0 | 2.8 | 0.831 | −0.09 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 0.902 | +0.07 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 0.092 | +0.37 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.420 | +0.09 |
| Perceived ability to control blood glucose | 3.5 | 3.0 | 0.879 | −0.12 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.547 | −0.07 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.007 | +0.56 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.080 | +0.31 |
| Perceived ability to control weight | 3.5 | 3.0 | 0.879 | −0.25 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.260 | +0.25 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.198 | +0.32 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.773 | -0.01 |
| Perceived ability to adhere to diet and exercise regimens | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.162 | +0.50 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.263 | +0.27 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.161 | +0.32 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.241 | +0.21 |
| Perceived ability to handle feelings about diabetes | 3.5 | 3.0 | 0.611 | −0.12 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 0.406 | −0.18 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.449 | +0.24 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.694 | 0 |
| Perceived support needs | 5.0 | 4.7 | 0.320 | −0.29 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 0.716 | +0.24 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 0.192 | −0.09 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 0.352 | −0.02 |
| Perceived support received | 5.0 | 3.8 | 0.161 | −0.85 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 0.172 | −0.14 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 0.012 | −0.45 | 5.0 | 4.0 | <0.001 | −0.45 |
|
N (proportion, %) |
Test of proportions |
Change n (%) |
N (proportion, %) |
Test of proportions |
Change n (%) |
N (proportion, %) |
Test of proportions |
Change n (%) |
N (proportion, %) |
Test of proportions |
Change n (%) |
|||||
| Adherence to medications | 5 (62.5) | 7 (87.5) | 0.248 | +2 (+25.0) | 33 (75.0) | 35 (79.6) | 0.611 | +2 (+4.6) | 25 (73.5) | 27 (79.4) | 0.568 | +2 (+5.9) | 45 (57.7) | 65 (83.3) | <0.001 | +20 (+25.6) |
| Adherence to exercise regimen | 5 (62.5) | 5 (62.5) | 1.00 | 0 | 14 (31.8) | 28 (63.6) | 0.003 | +14 (+31.8) | 20 (58.8) | 22 (64.7) | 0.618 | +2 (+5.9) | 29 (37.2) | 55 (70.5) | <0.001 | +26 (+33.3) |
| Adherence to diabetes diet | 4 (50.0) | 2 (25.0) | 0.302 | −2 (−25.0) | 33 (75.0) | 22 (50.0) | 0.015 | −11 (−25.0) | 15 (44.0) | 12 (35.3) | 0.457 | −3 (−8.7) | 47 (60.3) | 30 (38.5) | 0.006 | −17 (−21.8) |