Figure 3.

NAPPA using covalent capture chemistry enables the detection of AAb against denatured proteins. A. AAb response profile against proteins on denatured NAPPA was different from that on non-denatured NAPPA. Red squares, AAb response decreased after denaturation. Green dots, AAb response increased after denaturation. B. An example of different AAb response between the native protein array and the denatured protein array. NAPPA requires transcription of cDNA by T7 polymerase into mRNA before translation. T7 polymerase was not added to arrays labeled with “not expressed” to assess non-specific background signals.