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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 11.
Published in final edited form as: Radiat Res. 2014 Jun 24;182(2):126–138. doi: 10.1667/RR13374.1

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3

Combination therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and palliative radiation. Panel A: Patient presented with metastatic melanoma, received anti-CTLA-4, progressed and received palliative RT for a paraspinal mass. Improvement was seen in irradiated mass as well as metastatic lesion outside the radiation field. Induction of antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses were also seen. Adapted from ref. (43). Panel B: Proposed mechanism of action for anti-CTLA-4 and RT-induced primary immune responses. Panel C: Further expansion of RT-induced tumor-specific T cells.