Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study cohort (all data are proportions of patients unless otherwise specified)
| Control (N = 213) | Intervention (N = 300) | Standardised difference (variance ratio) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Site |
|
|
|
| Cornwall |
20.2 |
22.3 |
5.2 |
| Kent |
24.9 |
14.3 |
-26.8 |
| Newham |
54.9 |
63.3 |
17.2 |
| Other targeted conditions |
|
|
|
| COPD |
11.3 |
16.3 |
14.7 |
| Heart failure |
12.7 |
13.0 |
1.0 |
| Age |
|
|
|
| Mean (SD) age in years |
66.2 (11.9) |
63.9 (13.0) |
-18.2 (1.2) |
| <65 years |
43.7 |
50.7 |
14.1 |
| 65-74 years |
31.0 |
29.7 |
-2.9 |
| 75-84 years |
21.1 |
16.3 |
-12.3 |
| > = 85 years |
4.2 |
3.3 |
-4.7 |
| Female |
35.7 |
46.7 |
22.5 |
| Ethnicity |
|
|
|
| White |
55.4 |
51.7 |
-7.5 |
| Other |
33.3 |
30.3 |
-6.4 |
| Unknown |
11.3 |
18.0 |
19.1 |
| Area-level deprivation score* |
|
|
|
| Mean (SD) |
34.2 (13.0) |
36.7 (14.4) |
18.3 (1.2) |
| First quartile |
4.2 |
4.3 |
0.5 |
| Second quartile |
8.0 |
7.0 |
-3.7 |
| Third quartile |
23.9 |
18.7 |
-12.9 |
| Fourth quartile |
63.8 |
70.0 |
13.1 |
| Mean Combined Model score (SD)** |
0.25 (0.18) |
0.24 (0.19) |
-3.8 (1.2) |
| Ischemic heart disease |
14.6 |
8.3 |
-19.6 |
| Diabetes management in prior year |
|
|
|
| Insulin |
46.5 |
49.7 |
6.4 |
| Sulphonylureas |
41.3 |
40.3 |
-2.0 |
| Metformin |
69.5 |
77.3 |
17.8 |
| Thiazolidinediones |
9.4 |
12.3 |
9.5 |
| Smoking status |
|
|
|
| Never |
42.3 |
46.3 |
8.2 |
| Current |
12.2 |
10.7 |
-4.8 |
| Ex smoker |
45.5 |
43.0 |
-5.1 |
| Latest clinical readings (mean (SD)) |
|
|
|
| HbA1c |
8.3 (1.7) |
8.5 (1.8) |
10.6 (1.3) |
| Body-mass index (BMI)*** |
30.3 (5.9) |
31.8 (6.6) |
24.2 (1.3) |
| Cholesterol**** |
4.3 (1.1) |
4.3 (1.4) |
2.5 (1.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure |
134.4 (17.6) |
132.1 (19.1) |
-12.6 (1.2) |
| Diastolic blood pressure |
74.3 (10.2) |
75.0 (10.3) |
6.3 (1.0) |
| Latest HbA1c < = 7.5% |
35.7 |
33.3 |
-4.9 |
| Mean (SD) health care contacts per patient in prior year |
|
|
|
| Practice nurses |
6.0 (7.5) |
4.9 (7.7) |
-15.0 (1.1) |
| General practitioner |
8.5 (7.2) |
9.2 (6.0) |
10.2 (0.7) |
| Elective admissions |
0.5 (1.2) |
0.4 (0.8) |
-15.7 (0.5) |
| Emergency admissions |
0.5 (1.1) |
0.5 (1.0) |
-3.7 (0.7) |
| Outpatient attendances |
6.7 (8.9) |
5.8 (6.9) |
-11.1 (0.6) |
| Emergency department visits |
0.5 (1.1) |
0.7 (1.3) |
16.2 (1.2) |
| Hospital bed days | 3.3 (6.4) | 3.7 (9.3) | 5.4 (2.1) |
SD = standard deviation.
*Based on the Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2007, attributed to small areas of residence.
**Combined Model score is the estimated probability of emergency hospitalization within the 12-month trial period [33].
***N = 189 (control); 245 (intervention).
****N = 212 (control); 298 (intervention).