Table 4.

Standardized Path Coefficients From Fixed-Effects and Cross-Lagged Structural Equation Models of Children’s Behavioral Problems (BEH) and Couples’ Supportiveness (SUPP)

Models	SUPP → BEH
	Fixed effects
Externalizing behavioral problemsa (n = 2,019)	−0.08**
Internalizing behavioral problemsb (n = 2,037)	−0.07*
	Structural equation
	SUPP 3 → BEH 5	BEH 3 → SUPP 5	SUPP 5 → BEH 9	BEH 5 → SUPP 9
Externalizing behavioral problemsc (n = 767)	−0.09**	−0.02	−0.02	−0.07*
Internalizing behavioral problemsd (n = 770)	−0.06†	−0.05	−0.05	−0.04

Note: Supportiveness based on couples’ reports. Fixed effects models include a control for survey wave. Structural equation models include controls for parents’ marital status at focal child’s birth, mothers’ and fathers’ ages, mothers’ race/ethnicity, whether parents were different race, mothers’ education, whether fathers had more education than mothers, parents’ income-to-needs ratio, mothers’ and fathers’ physical health, mothers’ and fathers’ depression, mothers’ and fathers’ attendance at religious services, whether mothers and fathers lived with both of their biological parents when they were 15 years old, parents’ number of other children together, whether parents had children with other partners, children’s gender, and children’s temperament.

^aModel fit: F(3, 1246.2) = 2.62, p ≤ .05, R² = .006.

^bModel fit: F(3, 1256.1) = 1.94, R² = .005.

^cModel fit: χ²(104) = 206.52, root-mean-square error of approximation = .04, comparative fit index = .91.

^dModel fit: χ²(104) = 224.55**, p ≤ .01, root-mean-square error of approximation = .04, comparative fit index = .89.

^†p ≤ .10.

^*p ≤ .05.

^**p ≤ .01.