Figure 13).

Targeted motor reinnervation (Panel A) and targeted sensory reinnervation (Panel B) involve the surgical re-routing of stump nerves to a denervated target muscle or cutaneous area. Contraction of the reinnervated target muscle enables intuitive control of a myoelectric prosthesis and stimulation of reinnervated skin permits sensory feedback. Image reprinted with permission from Elsevier: Kuiken TA, Miller LA, Lipschutz RD, et al. Targeted reinnervation for enhanced prosthetic arm function in a woman with a proximal amputation: A case study. Lancet 2007;369(9559):371–80