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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nutrition. 2014 Feb 28;30(0 0):S37–S42. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.008

Figure 1.

Figure 1

St. John’s Wort extract increases vagal afferent excitability. We evaluated how St. John’s Wort extract modulates vagal afferent excitability using live cell calcium imaging of prelabeled vagal terminals. A, The complete field view of a brainstem slice is given with a region of interest (ROI) outlined by a dotted box. The ROI is shown before (B) and at the peak (C) of ATP stimulation following a 10 min incubation in St. John’s Wort extract. D, Plot of change in fluorescence for the above varicosity in response to application of ATP before (black) and after (gray) treatment with St. John’s Wort. E, A plot of normalized changes in calcium flux for the second ATP application relative to the first application of ATP are given for the time control and for the afferent terminals treated with St. John’s Wort (unpaired t-test; * p < 0.05). Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B and C = 6 μm.