Table 1.
Selected participant characteristics (N=512).
| Variables | N (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 262 (51.2) | |
| Maternal education | ||
| None or Primary | 186 (36.3) | |
| Secondary | 206 (40.2) | |
| >Secondary | 120 (23.4) | |
| Monthly household income | ||
| <3000 pesos | 311 (60.7) | |
| ≥3000 pesos | 144 (28.1) | |
| Unknown/no response | 57 (11.1) | |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 308 (60.2) | |
| Former | 149 (29.1) | |
| Current | 55 (10.7) | |
| Median | Mean (SD) | |
|
| ||
| Age, years | 13.9 | 14.0 (1.1) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 20.5 | 21.7 (4.9) |
| Height, cm | 158.5 | 158.8 (8.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 104 | 105.3 (9.1) |
| Serum creatinine eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 111.4 | 112.5 (17.8) |
| Serum cystatin C eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 124.8 | 126.1 (19.7) |
| Blood lead, μg/dL | 4.0 | 4.6 (2.8) |
| Urine cadmium, μg/L | 0.24 | 0.34 (0.37) |
| Urine cadmium, μg/g creatinine | 0.22 | 0.29 (0.38) |
| Urine cadmium, μg/μOsm/kg | 0.33 | 0.47 (0.62) |
| Urine thallium, μg/L | 0.33 | 0.35 (0.20) |
| Urine thallium, μg/g creatinine | 0.27 | 0.31 (0.18) |
| Urine thallium, μg/μOsm/kg | 0.42 | 0.46 (0.21) |
| Urine uranium, μg/L | 0.04 | 0.07 (0.14) |
| Urine uranium, μg/g creatinine | 0.04 | 0.07 (0.29) |
| Urine uranium, μg/μOsm/kg | 0.06 | 0.12 (0.44) |
| Urine creatinine, mg/dL | 118.5 | 131.9 (79.3) |
| Urine osmolality, μOsm/kg | 0.82 | 0.76 (0.26) |