Table 1.

Study sample characteristics, stratified by gender

Values are presented as mean ± standard error or % (SE). Smoking status categories included: current smoker (someone who smokes cigarettes daily), ex-smoker (someone who smoked cigarettes in the past but does not currently smoke them), and never smoker (someone who has never smoked a cigarette). Alcohol consumption was defined as drinking alcohol more frequently than once per week or more than 70 g per week during the previous 1 year. Physical activity was categorized according to exercise frequency: once per week or less, two or three times per week, and four times or more per week. Monthly household income was categorized into three groups: low (<918.30 USD), medium (918.30-3,213.90 USD), and high (≥3,214.00 USD).