Table 1.

Review of studies examining facilitation among plants in established alpine communities in the face of climate change.

References	Country/State	Environment	Effect	Covariable	Protocol	Climate change proxy	Interaction	Neighbor	Target species	Net interaction
Almeida et al., 2013	Ecuador	Tropical alpine	Warming		Observational	Elevation gradient	Species pairs	Azorella aretioides	Lasiocephalus ovatus	Facilitation decrease
Brooker et al., 2007	Global	Global	Warming		Modeling	Spatial model	Community scale	Mutualists and competitors	Mutualists and competitors	Complex
Cavieres and Sierra-Almeida, 2012	Chile	Dry alpine	Warming		Experimental	OTC	Species pairs	Azorella madreporica	Hordeum comosum	Facilitation decrease
Cornelissen et al., 2001	Global	Arctic	Warming	Nutrient	Experimental/Observational	Various	Community scale	Vascular plants	Lichens	Facilitation decrease
Crabtree and Ellis, 2010	Scotland	Alpine	Warming	Wind	Observational	Elevation gradient	Community scale	Vegetation structure	11 lichen species	Complex
Dormann et al., 2004	Norway	Arctic	Warming	Nutrient	Experimental	OTC	Species pairs	Luzula confusa, Salix polaris	Luzula confusa, Salix polaris	Facilitation decrease
Hobbie et al., 1999	USA/Alaska	Arctic	Warming		Experimental	OTC	Community scale	Seven species	Community	Neutral
Hülber et al., 2011	Austria	Subalpine	Snowmelt timing		Observational	Snowbed-grassland ecotone	Species pairs	Snowbed community	Four snowbed species	Complex
Klanderud and Totland, 2005	Norway	Alpine	Warming	Nutrient	Experimental	OTC	Species pairs	Vegetation structure	Thalictrum alpinum, Carex vaginata	Complex
Klanderud and Totland, 2007	Norway	Alpine	Warming		Experimental	OTC	Community scale	Dryas octopetala	Seeds of 27 alpine species	Facilitation decrease
Klanderud, 2005	Norway	Alpine	Warming	Nutrient	Experimental	OTC	Species pairs	Dryas octopetala	Thalictrum alpinum, Carex vaginata	Facilitation decrease
Michalet et al., 2014	Global	Alpine	Warming, water		Observational	Elevation gradient	Community scale	Various	Various	Complex
Olsen and Klanderud, 2014	Norway	Alpine	Warming		Experimental	OTC	Community scale	Dryas octopetala	Seeds of 27 alpine species	Facilitation decrease
Pajunen et al., 2011	Finland, Russia	Arctic	Warming		Observational	Shrub abundance	Community scale	Shrubs	Plant community (functional groups)	Complex
Shevtsova et al., 1997	Finland	Subarctic	Warming, water		Experimental	OTC, water addition	Species pairs	Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idae	Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idae	Complex
Vittoz et al., 2009	Switzerland	Subalpine	Warming	Land abandonment	Observational	Permanent plots	Community scale	Community	Community	Facilitation decrease
Wipf et al., 2006	USA/Alaska	Subarctic	Snowmelt timing		Experimental	Snow manipulation	Species pairs	Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idae	Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idae	Facilitation increase