Table 1.
Characteristics of participants overall and by body mass index levels in employed men and women, 1988–1990.
| Overall | Normal | Overweight | Obese | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 5,512 | 1,896 | 2,410 | 1,206 |
| Age (years) | 48.8 (0.08) | 48.5 (0.14) | 49.2 (0.13) | 48.5 (0.17) |
| Male (%) | 72.4 | 64.9 | 80.3 | 68.5 |
| No alcohol consumption | 682 (12.4%) | 199 (10.5%) | 216 (9.0%) | 267 (22.2%) |
| Alcohol (g/day) | ||||
| <5 | 2128 (38.6%) | 780 (41.1%) | 889 (36.9%) | 459 (38.1%) |
| <20 | 1920 (34.8%) | 685 (36.1%) | 904 (37.5%) | 331 (27.4%) |
| ≥20 | 782 (14.2%) | 232 (12.2%) | 401 (16.6%) | 149 (12.4%) |
| New type 2 Diabetes | 170 (3.1%) | 17 (0.9%) | 44 (1.8%) | 109 (9.0%) |
| IGT | 248 (4.5%) | 44 (2.3%) | 104 (4.3%) | 100 (8.3%) |
| Hypertension | 997 (18.1%) | 193 (10.1%) | 435 (18.0%) | 369 (30.6%) |
| Current cigarette smoker | 1399 (25.4%) | 474 (25.0%) | 613 (25.4%) | 312 (25.9%) |
| Ex-cigarette smoker | 1845 (33.5%) | 565 (29.8%) | 871 (36.1%) | 409 (33.9%) |
|
| ||||
| Age, gender, and ethnicity adjusted | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 (0.06) | 23.1 (0.05) | 27.3 (0.04)∗∗∗ | 33.4 (0.07)∗∗∗ |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.40 (0.01) | 5.21 (0.05) | 5.37 (0.02)∗∗∗ | 5.75 (0.03)∗∗∗ |
| 2 hour glucose (mmol/L) | 4.93 (0.03) | 4.59 (0.04) | 4.85 (0.04)∗∗∗ | 5.62 (0.06)∗∗∗ |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.19 (0.02) | 6.00 (0.03) | 6.28 (0.02)∗∗∗ | 6.33 (0.04)∗∗∗ |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.26 (0.004) | 1.35 (0.01) | 1.24 (0.01)∗∗∗ | 1.15 (0.01)∗∗∗ |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)1 | 1.38 (1.01) | 1.13 (1.02) | 1.45 (1.02)∗∗∗ | 1.76 (1.03)∗∗∗ |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 123.6 (0.19) | 119.3 (0.30) | 123.9 (0.26)∗∗∗ | 129.8 (0.40)∗∗∗ |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 76.6 (0.13) | 73.6 (0.22) | 76.8 (0.19)∗∗∗ | 80.9 (0.29)∗∗∗ |
| Physical activity (min/day)1 | 16.2 (1.06) | 17.6 (1.11) | 17.2 (1.09) | 12.7 (1.14)∗∗∗ |
| NZSEI | 46.2 (0.17) | 47.4 (0.28) | 46.1 (0.24)∗∗∗ | 44.6 (0.37)∗∗∗ |
***P < 0.001 versus normal weight individuals. Percentages are for that group (column).
1geometric mean (tolerance factor). IGT = impaired glucose tolerance. NZSEI = New Zealand socio-economic index.