Table 3.
Regression analysis: linear mixed models
| Effect |
Physical component: PCS-12 |
Mental component: MCS-12 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic model | Extended model | Basic model | Extended model | |
| No COPD |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
| COPD grade 1 |
−1.10 |
−1.10 |
−0.10 |
0.16 |
| COPD grade 2+ |
−3.54** |
−3.98** |
1.24 |
1.36 |
| Time (1, F4L)*no COPD |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
| Time (1, F4L)*COPD grade 1 |
0.15 |
−0.26 |
−0.66 |
−0.94 |
| Time (1, F4L)*COPD grade 2+ |
−1.16 |
−1.08 |
−0.75 |
−0.71 |
| Time (−1, S4)*no COPD |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
| Time (−1, S4)*COPD grade 1 |
−0.06 |
−0.18 |
−0.12 |
−0.12 |
| Time (−1, S4)*COPD grade 2+ |
0.27 |
0.65 |
−0.23 |
−0.02 |
| Time (0, F4) |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
| Time (−1, S4) |
0.32 |
0.08 |
−0.08 |
−0.09 |
| Time (1, F4L) |
−0.33 |
−0.15 |
0.73* |
0.77* |
| Age 41–45 yrs. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
| Age 46–50 yrs. |
0.48 |
0.51 |
0.83 |
0.81 |
| Age 51–55 yrs. |
−1.04 |
−0.62 |
0.27 |
0.29 |
| Age ≥ 56 yrs. |
−2.94*** |
−2.42*** |
0.66 |
0.68 |
| Sex: male |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
| Sex: female |
−0.78* |
−1.00** |
−2.33*** |
−2.48*** |
| Educational level: |
|
|
|
|
| Basic education |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
ref. |
| Secondary education |
1.61*** |
1.20** |
−0.66 |
−0.70 |
| High education |
2.40*** |
1.85*** |
−0.29 |
−0.44 |
| Smoking status: |
|
|
|
|
| Never smoker |
|
ref. |
|
ref. |
| Current smoker |
|
−0.82* |
|
−1.05* |
| Former smoker |
|
−0.92 |
|
−0.56 |
| BMI: |
|
|
|
|
| Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) |
|
ref. |
|
ref. |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) |
|
−0.60 |
|
−1.75 |
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) |
|
−0.48 |
|
−0.34 |
| Obese (BMI > 30) |
|
−2.48*** |
|
0.25 |
| Comorbidities: |
|
|
|
|
| Heart failure |
|
−4.94*** |
|
−2.75* |
| Myocardial infarction |
|
−3.33* |
|
0.77 |
| Stroke |
|
−5.58*** |
|
−4.03* |
| Cancer |
|
−3.21*** |
|
0.28 |
| Diabetes |
|
−1.72* |
|
−2.05* |
| Intercept | 49.12 | 50.64 | 51.71 | 52.26 |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
S4: −7 years, F4: baseline, F4L: +3 years.