Table 4.
Hazard ratios for incidence of hypertension according to different measures of adiposity.
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males |
Females |
|||||
| Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |
| BAI | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Middle | 1.47 (1.22 – 1.78) | 1.45 (1.20 – 1.75) | 1.39 (1.15 – 1.68) | 1.15 (0.67 – 1.95) | 1.13 (0.66 – 1.92) | 1.09 (0.64 – 1.87) |
| Upper | 1.92 (1.60 – 2.31) | 1.86 (1.55 – 2.23) | 1.68 (1.38 – 2.04) | 2.01 (1.24 – 3.27) | 1.99 (1.22 – 3.26) | 1.84 (1.10 – 3.08) |
| Per 1 SD increase | 1.33 (1.24 – 1.42) | 1.31 (1.22 – 1.40) | 1.26 (1.16 – 1.35) | 1.32 (1.10 – 1.58) | 1.32 (1.10 – 1.59) | 1.28 (1.04 – 1.56) |
| BMI | ||||||
| 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| 25.0 – 29.9 kg/m2 | 1.56 (1.34 – 1.83) | 1.53 (1.30 – 1.79) | 1.45 (1.23 – 1.71) | 1.73 (1.11 – 2.69) | 1.67 (1.07 – 2.62) | 1.61 (1.01 – 2.58) |
| ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 | 2.53 (2.02 – 3.17) | 2.37 (1.88 – 2.98) | 2.09 (1.63 – 2.70) | 3.62 (1.97 – 6.65) | 3.59 (1.92 – 6.72) | 3.36 (1.71 – 6.60) |
| Per 1 SD increase | 1.35 (1.26 – 1.44) | 1.32 (1.24 – 1.42) | 1.28 (1.18 – 1.38) | 1.34 (1.14 – 1.57) | 1.35 (1.14 – 1.59) | 1.31 (1.08 – 1.58) |
| Waist circumferenced | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| High | 1.80 (1.51 – 2.14) | 1.70 (1.42 – 2.03) | 1.49 (1.23 – 1.81) | 1.98 (1.13 – 3.45) | 1.92 (1.09 – 3.39) | 1.72 (0.95 – 3.09) |
| Per 1 SD increase | 1.36 (1.27 – 1.45) | 1.33 (1.24 – 1.43) | 1.29 (1.19 – 1.40) | 1.31 (1.11 – 1.55) | 1.30 (1.09 – 1.54) | 1.25 (1.04 – 1.51) |
| Hip circumference | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Middle | 1.21 (1.01 – 1.46) | 1.20 (0.99 – 1.44) | 1.14 (0.95 – 1.38) | 1.15 (0.71 – 1.87) | 1.12 (0.68 – 1.82) | 1.06 (0.65 – 1.74) |
| Upper | 1.70 (1.42 – 2.02) | 1.64 (1.37 – 1.96) | 1.46 (1.21 – 1.77) | 1.39 (0.87 – 2.23) | 1.31 (0.81 – 2.11) | 1.16 (0.70 – 1.90) |
| Per 1 SD increase | 1.28 (1.19 – 1.37) | 1.26 (1.17 – 1.35) | 1.20 (1.11 – 1.29) | 1.22 (1.01 – 1.47) | 1.20 (0.99 – 1.45) | 1.14 (0.92 – 1.40) |
| %BF | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Middle | 1.23 (1.02 – 1.48) | 1.19 (0.99 – 1.44) | 1.10 (0.90 – 1.33) | 1.19 (0.71 – 1.97) | 1.14 (0.68 – 1.91) | 1.04 (0.62 – 1.76) |
| Upper | 1.69 (1.41 – 2.02) | 1.60 (1.33 – 1.93) | 1.37 (1.11 – 1.69) | 1.40 (0.86 – 2.29) | 1.34 (0.81 – 2.23) | 1.12 (0.64 – 1.95) |
| Per 1 SD increase | 1.26 (1.17 – 1.36) | 1.23 (1.14 – 1.33) | 1.15 (1.05 – 1.26) | 1.20 (0.99 – 1.47) | 1.19 (0.97 – 1.46) | 1.12 (0.89 – 1.41) |
| Waist to hip ratio | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Middle | 1.84 (1.50 – 2.25) | 1.81 (1.47 – 2.21) | 1.73 (1.41 – 2.12) | 0.98 (0.56 – 1.71) | 0.99 (0.57 – 1.72) | 0.97 (0.56 – 1.70) |
| Upper | 2.20 (1.80 – 2.69) | 2.11 (1.72 – 2.58) | 1.90 (1.54 – 2.36) | 2.00 (1.23 – 3.24) | 1.98 (1.21 – 3.24) | 1.90 (1.16 – 3.12) |
| Per 1 SD increase | 1.29 (1.20 – 1.38) | 1.26 (1.17 – 1.36) | 1.20 (1.11 – 1.30) | 1.13 (0.98 – 1.31) | 1.13 (0.97 – 1.31) | 1.12 (0.96 – 1.31) |
BAI indicates body adiposity index; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; %BF, percentage of body fat.
Adjusted for age, baseline examination year, and survey response pattern.
Adjusted for model 1 plus physical activity (active or inactive), smoking (current smoker or not), alcohol intake (> 14 drinks/week ♂/ > 7 drinks/week ♀ or not), abnormal electrocardiogram, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes (present or not for each), and parental history of CVD and hypertension.
Adjusted for model 2 plus cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill test duration in minutes).
Low waist circumference indicates < 102 cm ♂ and < 88 cm ♀; High waist circumference, ≥ 102 cm ♂ and ≥ 88 cm ♀.